Allospecific vocal learning by Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus): A failure of videotaped instruction under certain conditions.

Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) do not acquire referential English labels when tutored with videotapes in social isolation (Pepperberg, I.M., 1994. Auk 111, 300-313) possibly because of (1) lack of social interaction to direct their attention appropriately or (2) absence of reward for an attempt at a targeted label. To test the first premise, two parrots watched videotapes with trainers who directed the birds' attention to the video monitor. Vocal praise rewarded attempts at a targeted label. To test the second premise, subjects watched videotapes in social isolation with a reward system that, in the absence of social interaction, could furnish the appropriate item after an attempt at the label. Subjects also received live interactive tutoring on a different set of object labels. Birds learned referential labels from live interactive tutors but not from videotapes. Specific aspects of live tutoring appear critical for the acquisition of referential English labels.