Phylogenesis / biotope interactions among formicidae.

The development of interspecific recognition and the expression of behavioral plasticity as a function of phyletic distance and the natural environment in which the ants live were investigated. An experimental model involving artificial mixed societies was used in this study. These mixed societies were produced by combining ants from two out of the 11 investigated species. The possibilities thus ranged from situations in which phylogenetically similar ants that live in the same biotype were combined, to those in which the species differ significantly in terms both of phyletic distance and of biotope. The interspecific groups were established in a neutral environment with adult ants less than 24 hours old. The results concerned agonistic and non-agonistic behaviors during the first 15 days. Both the frequency and types of interaction were shown to vary according to the type of group. Two species that share a common habitat are less aggressive and display more non-agonistic behavior than when the species come from different habitats. On the other hand, although aggressive behaviors increase with greater phyletic distance between the species, non-agonistic interactions remain constant. As a general rule, interactions between species from differing environments seem to be determined by the phyletic distance, whereas those between species from the same biotope are controlled by interspecific competition. There is a gradual change in these interactions dependent on the duration of the mixed association.