Daniel Sinnecker1, Michael Dommasch1, Petra Barthel1, Alexander Müller1, Ralf J Dirschinger1, Alexander Hapfelmeier2, Katharina M Huster1, Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz3, Marek Malik4, Georg Schmidt3. 1. Medizinische Klinik der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. 2. Institut für Medizinische Statistik und Epidemiologie der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. 3. Medizinische Klinik der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Aliance). 4. St. Paul's Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of London, and Imperial College, London, England. Electronic address: marek.malik@btinternet.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We recently reported that nocturnal respiratory rate (NRR) predicts non-sudden cardiac death in survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we present the details of the technique deriving NRR from ECG recordings. METHODS: Continuous ECG and respiratory chest excursions were simultaneously recorded in 941 MI survivors who were followed-up for 5-years. Mean respiratory rate was derived from the ECG based on RR intervals, QRS amplitudes, and QRS vectors and compared to chest belt measurements. NRR was calculated from Holter-ECGs accordingly using the same ECG processing. RESULTS: Directly-measured and ECG-derived respiratory rates were in good agreement. Areas under the ROC curve for 10-min-ECG- and Holter-derived respiratory rate were well in the confidence intervals of that of the chest belt measurement. The optimum dichotomy of NRR for the prediction of mortality was ≥18.6 breaths per minute. CONCLUSIONS: The mean respiratory rate can be precisely derived from continuous ECGs.
BACKGROUND: We recently reported that nocturnal respiratory rate (NRR) predicts non-sudden cardiac death in survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we present the details of the technique deriving NRR from ECG recordings. METHODS: Continuous ECG and respiratory chest excursions were simultaneously recorded in 941 MI survivors who were followed-up for 5-years. Mean respiratory rate was derived from the ECG based on RR intervals, QRS amplitudes, and QRS vectors and compared to chest belt measurements. NRR was calculated from Holter-ECGs accordingly using the same ECG processing. RESULTS: Directly-measured and ECG-derived respiratory rates were in good agreement. Areas under the ROC curve for 10-min-ECG- and Holter-derived respiratory rate were well in the confidence intervals of that of the chest belt measurement. The optimum dichotomy of NRR for the prediction of mortality was ≥18.6 breaths per minute. CONCLUSIONS: The mean respiratory rate can be precisely derived from continuous ECGs.
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