Microfluidics for electronic paper-like displays.

Displays are ubiquitous in modern life, and there is a growing need to develop active, full color, video-rate reflective displays that perform well in high-light conditions. The core of display technology is to generate or manipulate light in the visible wavelength. Colored fluids or fluids with particles can be used to tune the light intensity (greyscale) or wavelength (colors) of reflective displays by different actuation methods. Microfluidic technology plays an increasing role in fluidic manipulation in microscale devices used in display areas. In this article, we will review microfluidic technologies based on different actuation methods used for display applications: pressure-driven flow, electrophoresis, electroosmosis, electrowetting, magnetic-driven flow, and cell-actuation principles.