Biofeedback and behavioral treatments: filling some gaps.

Biofeedback and related behavioral approaches have been employed for decades in the management of recurrent headache conditions, with ample evidence to support their clinical utility. Initially, these treatments were employed entirely in the office and required an extended number of face-to-face sessions. Researchers have entered a new era wherein they are focusing on ways to make these treatments less intensive on the part of therapists, less expensive on the part of patients, more widely available and accessible, and retain their level of effectiveness. Initial efforts have focused on PLOT, group, internet, and mass media delivery approaches. This article discusses further approaches being explored to continue to extend behavioral treatment options for patients, focusing on alternative approaches for managing headaches, discussing the value of exercise, addressing depression and sleep problems more directly, and incorporating techniques of motivational interviewing. The importance, role, and value of patient education are stressed throughout.