Darryl C Whitney1, Daniel R Sturnick1, Pamela M Vacek2, Mike J DeSarno2, Mack Gardner-Morse1, Timothy W Tourville1, Helen C Smith1, James R Slauterbeck1, Robert J Johnson1, Sandra J Shultz3, Javad Hashemi4, Bruce D Beynnon5. 1. McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA. 2. Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA. 3. Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. 4. Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 5. McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA bruce.beynnon@uvm.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The morphometric characteristics of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the femoral intercondylar notch within which it resides have been implicated as risk factors for injuries to this important stabilizer of the knee. Prior research has produced equivocal results with differing methodologies, and consequently, it is unclear how these characteristics affect the injury risk in male and female patients. HYPOTHESIS: The morphometric characteristics of the ACL and femoral intercondylar notch are individually and independently associated with the risk of suffering a noncontact ACL injury, and these relationships are different in male and female patients. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the bilateral knees were obtained on 88 case-control pairs (27 male, 61 female) matched for age, sex, and participation on the same sports team. Patients had suffered a grade III, first-time, noncontact ACL tear. The femoral notch width at 4 locations, the thickness of the bony ridge at the anteromedial outlet of the femoral notch, the femoral notch volume, ACL volume, and ACL cross-sectional area were measured. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of combined data from male and female patients revealed that decreased ACL volume (odds ratio [OR], 0.829), decreased femoral notch width (OR, 0.700), and increased bony ridge thickness at the anteromedial outlet of the femoral notch (OR, 1.614) were significant independent predictors of an ACL injury. Separate analyses of male and female patients indicated that the femoral notch ridge may be more strongly associated with a risk in female patients, while ACL volume is more strongly associated with a risk in male patients. However, statistical analysis performed with an adjustment for body weight strengthened the association between ACL volume and the risk of injuries in female patients. CONCLUSION: Morphometric features of both the ACL and femoral notch combine to influence the risk of suffering a noncontact ACL injury. When included together in a multivariate model that adjusts for body weight, the effects of the morphometric measurements are similar in male and female patients. If body weight is not taken into consideration, ACL volume is not associated with a risk in female patients.
BACKGROUND: The morphometric characteristics of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the femoral intercondylar notch within which it resides have been implicated as risk factors for injuries to this important stabilizer of the knee. Prior research has produced equivocal results with differing methodologies, and consequently, it is unclear how these characteristics affect the injury risk in male and female patients. HYPOTHESIS: The morphometric characteristics of the ACL and femoral intercondylar notch are individually and independently associated with the risk of suffering a noncontact ACL injury, and these relationships are different in male and female patients. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the bilateral knees were obtained on 88 case-control pairs (27 male, 61 female) matched for age, sex, and participation on the same sports team. Patients had suffered a grade III, first-time, noncontact ACL tear. The femoral notch width at 4 locations, the thickness of the bony ridge at the anteromedial outlet of the femoral notch, the femoral notch volume, ACL volume, and ACL cross-sectional area were measured. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of combined data from male and female patients revealed that decreased ACL volume (odds ratio [OR], 0.829), decreased femoral notch width (OR, 0.700), and increased bony ridge thickness at the anteromedial outlet of the femoral notch (OR, 1.614) were significant independent predictors of an ACL injury. Separate analyses of male and female patients indicated that the femoral notch ridge may be more strongly associated with a risk in female patients, while ACL volume is more strongly associated with a risk in male patients. However, statistical analysis performed with an adjustment for body weight strengthened the association between ACL volume and the risk of injuries in female patients. CONCLUSION: Morphometric features of both the ACL and femoral notch combine to influence the risk of suffering a noncontact ACL injury. When included together in a multivariate model that adjusts for body weight, the effects of the morphometric measurements are similar in male and female patients. If body weight is not taken into consideration, ACL volume is not associated with a risk in female patients.
Authors: Bruce D Beynnon; Daniel R Sturnick; Erin C Argentieri; James R Slauterbeck; Timothy W Tourville; Sandra J Shultz; Pamela M Vacek Journal: J Athl Train Date: 2015-09-04 Impact factor: 2.860
Authors: Sandra J Shultz; Randy J Schmitz; Anne Benjaminse; Malcolm Collins; Kevin Ford; Anthony S Kulas Journal: J Athl Train Date: 2015-09-04 Impact factor: 2.860
Authors: Hsin-Min Wang; Sandra J Shultz; Scott E Ross; Robert A Henson; David H Perrin; Robert A Kraft; Randy J Schmitz Journal: J Athl Train Date: 2019-05-06 Impact factor: 2.860