Application of teaching and learning principles to computer-aided instruction.

Many authors of software providing computer-aided instruction (CAI) have no background in educational theories. This paper reviews teaching theories and ways in which instructional principles can be applied to CAI. While the lecture form of teaching has often been maligned, there are techniques for enhancing lectures that can also apply to CAI. Effective communication methods, both verbal and audiovisual, are as important in computer modules as they are in face-to-face teaching. The quality of interactive questioning and the nature and timing of feedback are critical to the success of instruction by computer. Appropriate feedback can improve retention, as can the use of proper distractors in multiple-choice questions. We present steps for developing a CAI learning module based on established principles of teaching and learning, as well as proper identification of educational goals.