Combatting infectious diseases; nanotechnology as a platform for rational vaccine design.

Currently, several successful vaccines are available. However, for pathogens with a highly variable genetic composition, and for which serum IgG antibodies are not a useful correlate of protection, effective vaccines are yet to be developed. This is due to a lack of both the understanding of the immunological pathways leading to long-term protection and the ability to translate the available knowledge into a suitable vaccine formulation. Regarding the latter, nanoparticles can be an attractive platform for vaccine development, as they offer multiple options for improving safety and efficacy. For example, side effects might be decreased upon encapsulation of the adjuvant and the concomitant delivery of antigen and adjuvant is a very promising tool for increasing efficacy. In addition to the many promises, the use of nanoparticles as vaccine carriers should be implemented with caution: the more sophisticated a particle, the more parameters need to be controlled during production and storage.