Scott K Crawford1, Caroline Haas1, Timothy A Butterfield2, Qian Wang3, Xiaoli Zhang4, Yi Zhao3, Thomas M Best5. 1. Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. 2. University of Kentucky, USA. 3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. 4. Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. 5. Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: Tom.Best@osumc.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study compared immediate versus delayed massage-like compressive loading on skeletal muscle viscoelastic properties following eccentric exercise. METHODS: Eighteen rabbits were surgically instrumented with peroneal nerve cuffs for stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle. Rabbits were randomly assigned to a massage loading protocol applied immediately post exercise (n=6), commencing 48h post exercise (n=6), or exercised no-massage control (n=6). Viscoelastic properties were evaluated in vivo by performing a stress-relaxation test pre- and post-exercise and daily pre- and post-massage for four consecutive days of massage loading. A quasi-linear viscoelastic approach modeled the instantaneous elastic response (AG0), fast (g1(p)) and slow (g2(p)) relaxation coefficients, and the corresponding relaxation time constants τ1 and τ2. FINDINGS: Exercise increased AG0 in all groups (P<0.05). After adjusting for the three multiple comparisons, recovery of AG0 was not significant in the immediate (P=0.021) or delayed (P=0.048) group compared to the control group following four days of massage. However, within-day (pre- to post-massage) analysis revealed a decrease in AG0 in both massage groups. Following exercise, g1(p) increased and g2(p) and τ1 decreased for all groups (P<0.05). Exercise had no effect on τ2 (P>0.05). After four days of massage, there was no significant recovery of the relaxation parameters for either massage loading group compared to the control group. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that massage loading following eccentric exercise has a greater effect on reducing muscle stiffness, estimated by AG0, within-day rather than affecting recovery over multiple days. Massage loading also has little effect on the relaxation response.
BACKGROUND: This study compared immediate versus delayed massage-like compressive loading on skeletal muscle viscoelastic properties following eccentric exercise. METHODS: Eighteen rabbits were surgically instrumented with peroneal nerve cuffs for stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle. Rabbits were randomly assigned to a massage loading protocol applied immediately post exercise (n=6), commencing 48h post exercise (n=6), or exercised no-massage control (n=6). Viscoelastic properties were evaluated in vivo by performing a stress-relaxation test pre- and post-exercise and daily pre- and post-massage for four consecutive days of massage loading. A quasi-linear viscoelastic approach modeled the instantaneous elastic response (AG0), fast (g1(p)) and slow (g2(p)) relaxation coefficients, and the corresponding relaxation time constants τ1 and τ2. FINDINGS: Exercise increased AG0 in all groups (P<0.05). After adjusting for the three multiple comparisons, recovery of AG0 was not significant in the immediate (P=0.021) or delayed (P=0.048) group compared to the control group following four days of massage. However, within-day (pre- to post-massage) analysis revealed a decrease in AG0 in both massage groups. Following exercise, g1(p) increased and g2(p) and τ1 decreased for all groups (P<0.05). Exercise had no effect on τ2 (P>0.05). After four days of massage, there was no significant recovery of the relaxation parameters for either massage loading group compared to the control group. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that massage loading following eccentric exercise has a greater effect on reducing muscle stiffness, estimated by AG0, within-day rather than affecting recovery over multiple days. Massage loading also has little effect on the relaxation response.
Authors: Caroline Haas; Timothy A Butterfield; Sarah Abshire; Yi Zhao; Xiaoli Zhang; David Jarjoura; Thomas M Best Journal: Med Sci Sports Exerc Date: 2013-06 Impact factor: 5.411
Authors: Qian Wang; Hansong Zeng; Thomas M Best; Caroline Haas; Ned T Heffner; Sudha Agarwal; Yi Zhao Journal: Ann Biomed Eng Date: 2013-08-14 Impact factor: 3.934
Authors: G S Chleboun; J N Howell; H L Baker; T N Ballard; J L Graham; H L Hallman; L E Perkins; J H Schauss; R R Conatser Journal: Arch Phys Med Rehabil Date: 1995-08 Impact factor: 3.966
Authors: Marcus M Lawrence; Douglas W Van Pelt; Amy L Confides; Emily R Hunt; Zachary R Hettinger; Jaime L Laurin; Justin J Reid; Frederick F Peelor; Timothy A Butterfield; Esther E Dupont-Versteegden; Benjamin F Miller Journal: Acta Physiol (Oxf) Date: 2020-03-17 Impact factor: 6.311