Luis A Avilés1, Laureane Alvelo-Maldonado2, Irmari Padró-Mojica3, José Seguinot3, Juan Carlos Jorge4. 1. Department of Social Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico. 2. Birth Defects Prevention and Surveillance System, Department of Health of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico. 3. Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico. 4. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan 00936 5067, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: jcjorge@ymail.com.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the distribution pattern of hypospadias cases across a well-defined geographic space. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dataset for this study was produced by the Birth Defects Prevention and Surveillance System of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico (BDSS-PR), which linked the information of male newborns of the Puerto Rico Birth Cohort dataset (PRBC; n=92,285) from 2007 to 2010. A population-based case-control study was conducted to determine prevalence trend and to estimate the potential effects of maternal age, paternal age, birth-related variables, and health insurance status on hypospadias. Two types of geographic information systems (GIS) methods (Anselin Local Moran's I and Getis-Ord G) were used to determine the spatial distribution of hypospadias prevalence. RESULTS: Birthweight (<2500 g), age of mother (40+years), and private health insurance were associated with hypospadias as confirmed with univariate and multivariate analyses at 95% CI. A cluster of hypospadias cases was detected in the north-central region of Puerto Rico with both GIS methods (p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clustering of hypospadias prevalence provides an opportunity to assess the underlying causes of the condition and their relationships with geographical space.
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the distribution pattern of hypospadias cases across a well-defined geographic space. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dataset for this study was produced by the Birth Defects Prevention and Surveillance System of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico (BDSS-PR), which linked the information of male newborns of the Puerto Rico Birth Cohort dataset (PRBC; n=92,285) from 2007 to 2010. A population-based case-control study was conducted to determine prevalence trend and to estimate the potential effects of maternal age, paternal age, birth-related variables, and health insurance status on hypospadias. Two types of geographic information systems (GIS) methods (Anselin Local Moran's I and Getis-Ord G) were used to determine the spatial distribution of hypospadias prevalence. RESULTS: Birthweight (<2500 g), age of mother (40+years), and private health insurance were associated with hypospadias as confirmed with univariate and multivariate analyses at 95% CI. A cluster of hypospadias cases was detected in the north-central region of Puerto Rico with both GIS methods (p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clustering of hypospadias prevalence provides an opportunity to assess the underlying causes of the condition and their relationships with geographical space.
Authors: Juan Carlos Jorge; Marcos Raymond Pérez-Brayfield; Camille M Torres; Coriness Piñeyro-Ruiz; Naillil Torres Journal: SOJ Urol Nephrol Open Access Date: 2016-04-29
Authors: Justin Manjourides; Emily Zimmerman; Deborah J Watkins; Thomas Carpenito; Carmen M Vélez-Vega; Gredia Huerta-Montañez; Zaira Rosario; Ishwara Ayala; Carlos Vergara; Zlatan Feric; Martha Ondras; Helen H Suh; April Z Gu; Phil Brown; José F Cordero; John D Meeker; Akram Alshawabkeh Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2020-07-19 Impact factor: 2.692