Scott A Grubbs1, Richard W Baumann2, R Edward DeWalt3, Tari Tweddale3. 1. Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity Studies, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, 42101, USA. 2. Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA. 3. University of Illinois, Prairie Research Institute, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 S Oak St., Champaign, Illinois, 61820, USA.
Abstract
The Nearctic genus Prostoia (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) is reviewed. Prostoia ozarkensis sp. n. is described from the male and female adult stages mainly from the Interior Highland region encompassing portions of Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Prostoia ozarkensis sp. n. appears most closely related to two species, one distributed broadly across the western Nearctic region, P. besametsa (Ricker), and one found widely throughout the central and eastern Nearctic regions, P. completa (Walker). A surprising range extension is noted for P. hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner, a species once known only from the Great Dismal Swamp, from small upland streams in southern Illinois. Additional new state records are documented for P. besametsa, P. completa, P. hallasi and P. similis (Hagen). Taxonomic keys to Prostoia males and females are provided, and scanning electron micrographs of adult genitalia of all species are given.
The Nearctic genus Prostoia (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) is reviewed. Prostoia ozarkensis sp. n. is described from the male and female adult stages mainly from the Interior Highland region encompassing portions of Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Prostoia ozarkensis sp. n. appears most closely related to two species, one distributed broadly across the western Nearctic region, P. besametsa (Ricker), and one found widely throughout the central and eastern Nearctic regions, P. completa (Walker). A surprising range extension is noted for P. hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner, a species once known only from the Great Dismal Swamp, from small upland streams in southern Illinois. Additional new state records are documented for P. besametsa, P. completa, P. hallasi and P. similis (Hagen). Taxonomic keys to Prostoia males and females are provided, and scanning electron micrographs of adult genitalia of all species are given.
Entities:
Keywords:
Nemouridae; North America; Plecoptera; Prostoia; new species
Ricker (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) was erected as a subgenus to include three species: Ricker, 1952, Walker, 1852, and Hagen, 1861 (Ricker 1952). was later raised to full generic rank by Illies (1966). A fourth species, , was described by Kondratieff and Kirchner (1984).is the sole species found in the western Nearctic region, distributed broadly from California east to New Mexico and north to Alaska (Baumann et al. 1977, Stewart and Oswood 2006, DeWalt et al. 2013). and are both found widely throughout the central and eastern Nearctic regions (DeWalt et al. 2013). , in contrast, has been reported only from the Great Dismal Swamp (Kondratieff and Kirchner 1984, Kondratieff et al. 1995), an Atlantic Coastal wetland located in North Carolina and Virginia (Traylor 2010).males are easily identified among Nemouridae by their simple, elongate, anteriorly-recurved epiproct that is comprised almost entirely by the ventral sclerite (Baumann 1975). The dorsal sclerite is reduced to a pair of lateral arms located along each side of the epiproct base, except in where they are secondarily absent (Ricker 1952, Kondratieff and Kirchner 1984). Wing coloration ranges from uniformly dark brown in to mottled with a distinctive light band near the apex in all other species.For several years, Bill P. Stark (Mississippi College, Clinton, Mississippi) and the second author suspected that from the Ozark Plateau region of northern Arkansas, southern Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma represented an undescribed species. The new species is described herein, with brief anecdotes and new state records of the four previously-described species. Species keys to the male and female adult stages are provided.
Materials and methods
specimens used in this study were obtained from, or deposited in, the following collections: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and the .B.P. Stark Collection, Mississippi College, ClintonMonte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UtahCanadian National Collection of Insects, OttawaColorado State University Collection, Fort CollinsUniversity of Guelph Insect Collection, GuelphIllinois Natural History Survey, Champaign-UrbanaMichigan State University Arthropod Research Collection, East LansingOhio Environmental Protection Agency, GroveportPurdue University Research Collection, West Lafayette, IndianaR.F. Kirchner Personal Collection, Huntington, West VirginiaRoyal Ontario Museum, TorontoUniversity of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Collection, Ann ArborUniversity of Minnesota Insect Collection, St. PaulUniversity of Notre Dame Insect Collection, South Bend, IndianaUnited States National Museum Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.University of Wisconsin Entomological Research Center, MadisonS.A. Grubbs Collection, Western Kentucky University, Bowling GreenAll specimen records for and the new species were included herein. Due to the large volume of material examined for , , and , however, these data are available only in a corresponding appendix (see Suppl. material 1 at end of paper).Locality data, in decimal degrees, for each specimen record were obtained either directly with hand-held GPS units on site or georeferenced from museum label data (if possible). Specimens were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a Philips XL30 ESEM FEG electron microscope at Brigham Young University.
, scanning electron micrographs, 1 USA, Utah, Monroe Creek, male, epiproct, dorsal view 2 USA, Montana, Gallatin River, male, epiproct, dorsal view 3 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, male, epiproct, lateral view 4 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, male, epiproct, lateral view 5 USA, Utah, Monroe Creek, male, abdominal terminalia, caudal view 6 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, male, abdominal terminalia, ventral view 7 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view 8 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.
Figure 41.
Distribution map for (circles) and (squares). The open symbols enclosing the solid symbols refer to the type localities for the two species.
Canada: AB, BC (DeWalt et al. 2013), NT (Stewart and Oswood 2006), YK (Stewart and Ricker 1997); USA: AK (Stewart and Oswood 2006), CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY (DeWalt et al. 2013), NE (New state record).
Remarks.
, and sp. n. appear to form a species group based on structural similarities of the male ventral sclerite and lateral arms of the dorsal sclerite, and the female subgenital plate. The Black Hills region of eastern Wyoming and western South Dakota, plus the Sand Hills region of northwestern Nebraska, mark the eastern edge of this widespread western Nearctic species in the USA (Fig. 41), and well distant from the closest distribution point of (Fig. 41) and sp. n. (Fig. 42) (Huntsman et al. 1999, DeWalt et al. 2013). is typically found in greatest numbers in large streams and small rivers.
Figure 42.
Distribution map for (circles), sp. n. (squares), and (triangles). The open symbols enclosing the solid symbols refer to the type localities for the three species.
, scanning electron micrographs, 1 USA, Utah, Monroe Creek, male, epiproct, dorsal view 2 USA, Montana, Gallatin River, male, epiproct, dorsal view 3 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, male, epiproct, lateral view 4 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, male, epiproct, lateral view 5 USA, Utah, Monroe Creek, male, abdominal terminalia, caudal view 6 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, male, abdominal terminalia, ventral view 7 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view 8 USA, South Dakota, Iron Creek, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.(Walker)http://species-id.net/wiki/Prostoia_completahttp://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6101Figs 9–16
, 41
Figures 9–16.
, scanning electron micrographs, 9 USA, Wisconsin, Plover River, male, epiproct, dorsal view 10 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, male, epiproct, dorsal view 11 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, male, epiproct, lateral view 12 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 13 USA, Virginia, Roanoke River, male, epiproct base, dorsal view 14 USA, Wisconsin, Plover River, male, epiproct tip, dorsal view 15 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, male, epiproct base, lateral view 16 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.
Nemoura completa Walker, 1852: 191. Holotype ♂ (British Museum of Natural History, London), Nova Scotia, CanadaNemoura glabra (in part) Claassen, 1923: 281. Syn. Illies, 1966: 221Nemoura glabra : (in part) Needham & Claassen, 1925: 202.Nemoura completa :Nemoura (Prostoia) completa :Prostoia completa :Prostoia completa :Prostoia completa :Prostoia completa :(Suppl. material 1).Canada: NB, NS, ON, PE, PQ (DeWalt et al. 2013), NF (New provincial record); USA: AL, DE, IA, IN, KY, MA, ME, MI, MN, MS, NC, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2013), MD (Grubbs 1997), NY (Myers et al. 2011), TN (New state record).This species is distributed from Atlantic Canada to South Carolina and westward to Minnesota and Iowa (Fig. 41). Characteristics of the male epiproct remain constant from eastern Canada to the southeastern United States, without any indication of a north-south cline. However, populations from the northern Midwest are somewhat variable. The prior records of from the Interior Highland region, namely the Ozark Plateau region (e.g. Poulton and Stewart 1991), now likely refer only to sp. n., but very few specimens were available for this study. Specimens collected sporadically from the only locality in southern Illinois (Webb 2002, DeWalt and Grubbs 2011) were reexamined and now are considered sp. n. This species was recently listed in Illinois as endangered due to it occurring in a single location in the state (Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board 2011). sp. n. is very closely related to and separable only by experts as this time. Examination of the relatedness of these two species and congeners using genetic markers is warranted given the implications for conservation status within Illinois.Although the ranges of and (Fig. 42) overlap extensively throughout the eastern Nearctic region, the former species is typically associated with large streams and small rivers. is less commonly collected from upland, headwater streams, except in the northeastern Nearctic region where both species sometimes occur at the same locality., scanning electron micrographs, 9 USA, Wisconsin, Plover River, male, epiproct, dorsal view 10 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, male, epiproct, dorsal view 11 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, male, epiproct, lateral view 12 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 13 USA, Virginia, Roanoke River, male, epiproct base, dorsal view 14 USA, Wisconsin, Plover River, male, epiproct tip, dorsal view 15 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, male, epiproct base, lateral view 16 Canada, Newfoundland, Walsh River, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.Kondratieff & Kirchnerhttp://species-id.net/wiki/Prostoia_hallasihttp://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6098Figs 17–24
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Figures 17–24.
, scanning electron micrographs, 17 USA, Virginia, Dunnsville, male, epiproct, dorsal view 18 USA, Virginia, Washington Ditch, male, epiproct, lateral view 19 USA, Virginia, Washington Ditch, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 20 USA, Connecticut, Hammonasset River, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 21 USA, Illinois, tributary to Alcorn Creek, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 22 USA, Illinois, tributary to Alcorn Creek, male, abdominal terminalia, ventral view 23 USA, Virginia, Washington Ditch, male, abdominal terminalia, caudal view 24 USA, Virginia, Dunnsville, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.
Prostoia hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner, 1984: 579. Holotype ♂ (USNM), Washington Ditch, City of Suffolk, Virginia(also provided in Suppl. material 1). USA, Connecticut, New Haven Co., Hammonasset River, Killingworth, 41.3573, -72.6126, 1 May 1988, W.G. Downs, 3♂, 25♀ (BYUC). Georgia, Crisp Co., Gum Creek, Hwy 257, 32.0066, -83.7374, 30 March 1993, B.A. Caldwell, 2♂, 2♀, 2 nymphs (BYUC). Illinois, Pope Co., tributary to Alcorn Creek, 7.1 km NW Hamletsburg, 37.1777, -88.4953, 2 March 2012, R. E. DeWalt, 2♂, 2♀ (INHS), tributary to Alcorn Creek, 15 km NE Brookport, 37.1777, -88.4891, 17 March 2013 (reared, from nymphs collected 14 March 2013), S.A. Grubbs & J.M. Yates, 2♂, 2♀, 4 nymphs (WKUC), same site, 3 April 2013, S.A. Grubbs & J.M. Yates, 2♀ (WKUC). Massachusetts, Unknown County, “Boston Reg.”, 2 May 1936, L.J. Milne, 3♀ (USNM). Virginia, Essex Co., 1 mi SE Dunnsville, 37.8504, -76.8083 (malaise trap), 17–29 April 1992, D.R. Smith, 4♂, 110♀ (BYUC, USNM); same site, 26 March–8 April 1994, D.R. Smith, 4♂, 9♀ (BYUC, USNM); Falls Church City, Falls Church, 11 February 1941, J.F. Hanson, ♂ PageBreakPageBreak(USNM); Southhampton Co., Tarrara Creek, Hwy 666, 36.5952, -77.2274, 10 March 1991, R.W. Baumann & R.F. Kirchner, 2♂ (BYUC); Suffolk City, Washington Ditch, off Washington Ditch Road, Dismal Swamp, 36.6442, -76.5471, 2 March 1983, B.C. Kondratieff, 2♂, ♀ (paratypes; BYUC); Washington Ditch, Dismal Swamp, 36.6442, -76.5471, 10 March 1991, R.W. Baumann & R.F. Kirchner, 48♂, 54♀ (BYUC).USA: NC, VA (DeWalt et al. 2013), CT, GA, IL, MA (New state records).This species was once considered unique amongst Nearctic Nemouridae in that it was known only from low gradient coastal streams in the Great Dismal Swamp (Kondratieff and Kirchner 1984, Kondratieff et al. 1995). The discovery of localities north in New England and south to Georgia was not too surprising since these are range extensions along the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Fig. 42). This species should eventually be found in coastal regions within the intervening states (i.e. Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina).We initially anticipated that the populations from the Shawnee Hills region of southern Illinois represented an undescribed species. Both Illinois sites were small, upland tributaries ca. 1 m wide and very distinct from the description of the type locality (Kondratieff and Kirchner 1984). Yet the SEM images of the epiproct from specimens from several locations, particularly of the complex ornamentation of the terminus of the ventral sclerite, showed unexpected across-site similarity and no evidence that the southern Illinois populations represented an undescribed species. The epiproct terminus of the populations from Essex Co., Virginia (Fig. 17), coastal Connecticut (Fig. 20), southern Illinois (Fig. 21) and the type locality in eastern Virginia (Kondratieff and Kirchner 1984, their Fig. 6) appear indistinguishable as such: the distal anterior tip is slightly bifurcate, a small ventral subterminal knob is present, and the subterminal forked structure includes paired, ventrally-directed triangular processes and paired somewhat dorsally-directed subtruncate processes. Females from southern Illinois were indistinguishable from those from the Connecticut and Essex Co., Virginia (Fig. 24) localities noted above., scanning electron micrographs, 17 USA, Virginia, Dunnsville, male, epiproct, dorsal view 18 USA, Virginia, Washington Ditch, male, epiproct, lateral view 19 USA, Virginia, Washington Ditch, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 20 USA, Connecticut, Hammonasset River, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 21 USA, Illinois, tributary to Alcorn Creek, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 22 USA, Illinois, tributary to Alcorn Creek, male, abdominal terminalia, ventral view 23 USA, Virginia, Washington Ditch, male, abdominal terminalia, caudal view 24 USA, Virginia, Dunnsville, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.Baumann & Grubbs
sp. n.http://zoobank.org/8DE0A193-C546-46EB-A70E-DF8FEAFEBA33http://species-id.net/wiki/Prostoia_ozarkensishttp://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:463936Figs 25–32
, 42
Figures 25–32.
sp. n., scanning electron micrographs, 25 USA, Arkansas, Buffalo River, male, epiproct, dorsal view 26 USA, Missouri, Bryant Creek, male, epiproct, dorsal view 27 USA, Illinois, Hutchins Creek, male, epiproct, dorsal view 28 USA, Oklahoma, Baron Creek, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 29 USA, Oklahoma, Baron Creek, male, epiproct base, dorsal view 30 USA, Oklahoma, Baron Creek, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 31 USA, Illinois, Hutchins Creek, male, epiproct base, dorsal view 32 USA, Oklahoma, Baron Creek, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.
Description.
Male. Macropterous. Forewing length 7.0–8.0 mm; body length 6.0–6.5 mm. Wings mottled with light band in forewing beyond cord. General body color brown. Epiproct ventral sclerite recurved over abdomen, gradually widening anterior to base, widest in distal third, narrowing mark to an acute, parallel-sided tip, rounded apically (Figs 25–30); recurved portion of ventral sclerite deflected downward at approximately the midpoint (Fig. 28). Paraprocts broadest basally, extending beyond PageBreakPageBreakbase of ventral sclerite, subquadrate for ca. 2/3 length, with a triangular distal portion that is slightly flared laterally (Figs 29, 31). Vesicle present. Hypoproct sclerotized, broad at base, tapering markedly to a rounded, narrow apex.sp. n., scanning electron micrographs, 25 USA, Arkansas, Buffalo River, male, epiproct, dorsal view 26 USA, Missouri, Bryant Creek, male, epiproct, dorsal view 27 USA, Illinois, Hutchins Creek, male, epiproct, dorsal view 28 USA, Oklahoma, Baron Creek, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 29 USA, Oklahoma, Baron Creek, male, epiproct base, dorsal view 30 USA, Oklahoma, Baron Creek, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 31 USA, Illinois, Hutchins Creek, male, epiproct base, dorsal view 32 USA, Oklahoma, Baron Creek, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.Female. Macropterous. Forewing length 8.0–9.0 mm; body length 7.0–7.5 mm. Wing and body coloration similar to male. Seventh and eighth abdominal sterna fused medially, subgenital plate of eighth sternum scarcely extending over anterior portion of ninth sternum, barely concave medially with slightly rounded lateral lobes (Fig. 32).Nymph. Undescribed.(also provided in Suppl. material 1). Holotype ♂, in 75% ethyl alcohol, USA, Missouri, Webster County, Bryant Creek, Hwy 14, 3 mi SW Evans, 36.8870, -92.4733, 22 February 1972, R.W. Baumann & S.W. Szczytko, (USNM). Paratypes: Arkansas, Benton Co., White River, 21 February 1943, W. Larimore, ♂ (INHS); White River, Rogers, 6 March 1943, W. Larimore, ♂, 2♀ (INHS); Carroll Co., Big Clifty Creek, SW ¼ Sec 4 T19NR27W, 8 March 1963, O. Hite & L.R. Aggus, 2♀ (INHS); Osage Creek, Hwy. 60, Osage, 36.1887, -93.4152, 16 March 1963, O. Hite & L. Aggus, ♀ (INHS); Madison Co., War Eagle, Hwy 16 & Hwy 45, 36.2020, -93.8569, 10 March 1962, L.O. Warren, 9♂, 11♀ (BYUC); Kings River, Hwy 21, 4 mi N Kingston, 36.0882, -93.5417, 8 March 1963, O. Hite & M. Wall, ♀ (INHS); Marion Co., Crooked Creek, Hwy. 62, 36.2458, -92.8348, 16 March 1963, O. Hite & L. Aggus, ♀ (INHS); Georges Creek, Hwy. 62, 36.2533, -92.7487, 16 March 1963, O. Hite & L. Aggus, ♂ (INHS); Newton Co., Add Creek, Hwy 43, Ponca, 36.0210, -93.3600, 25 March 1972, R.W. Baumann & S.W. Szczytko, ♂, 4♀ (BYUC); Buffalo River, Hwy 74, near Ponca, 36.0221, -93.3547, 25 March 1972, R.W. Baumann, ♀ (BYUC); same site, 8 February 1976, McCraw & Kittle, 3♂, ♀ (BYUC); Buffalo River, Boxley, 35.9610, -93.4040, 16 March 2002, B.C. Kondratieff & R. Zuellig, 2♂ (CSUC); Searcy Co., Big Creek, St. Rd. 14, 35.9789, -92.4815, 17 March 1963, O. Hite & L. Aggus, 4♀ (INHS); Stone Co., Wallace Creek, State Rd. 14, 35.7764, -91.8872, 17 March 1963, O. Hite & L. Aggus, ♀ (INHS); Sylamore Creek, St. Rd. 9, 35.9419, -92.1201, 17 March 1963, O. Hite & L. Aggus, ♂ (INHS); Rocky Bayou, State Rd. 14, 35.8598, -92.0469, 17 March 1963, O. Hite & L. Aggus, 2♂, 4♀ (INHS); Van Buren Co., Peyton Creek, Hwy. 65, 35.7881, -92.5397, 17 March 1963, O. Hite & L. Aggus, ♀ (INHS); Washington Co., War Eagle Creek, SW ¼ Sec 19 T18NR28W, 28 February 1963, O. Hite & L.R. Aggus, ♀ (INHS); same but 14 March 1963, O. Hite & L.R. Aggus, ♂ (INHS); no locality data, 20 March 1962, O. Hite & M. Hite, ♂, 2♀ (INHS). Illinois, Union Co., Hutchins Creek, Wolf Lake, 37.5107, -89.3773, 13 March 1946, H.H. Ross & B.D. Burks, ♂, ♀ (INHS); Hutchins Creek, 5.4 km E Wolf Lake, 93-152, T11S, R2W, S31, 37.5107, -89.3776, 19 April 1993, M.A. Harris & D.W. Webb, ♂, ♀ (INHS). Missouri, Bollinger Co., Whitewater River, Alliance, 37.5791, -90.0013, 6 March 1958, Ross & Stannard, ♂ (INHS); Christian Co., Bull Creek, Hwy W, 3 March 1972, R.W. Baumann & B.K. Newman, 3♂, 5♀ (BYUC); same site, 20 March 1972, B.K. Newman, ♀ (BYUC); Crawford Co., Meramec River, N Steeleville at MO 19, 37.9889, -91.3761, 4 February 2012, R.E. DeWalt & S.K. Ferguson, 2♂, ♀, 5 nymphs (INHS); Meramec River, PageBreakSteeleville, 37.9849, -91.3724, 6 March 1958, Ross & Stannard, ♂, 3♀ (INHS); Huzzah Creek, Dilliard, Mark Twain [Clark] National Forest, 37.7406, -91.2029, 6 March 1958, Ross & Stannard, ♂, ♀ (INHS); Dade Co., Turnback Creek, Hwy O, E Greenfield, 37.4023, -93.8020, 19 February 1972, D.A. Boehne, 2♂, 4♀ (BYUC); same site, 18 March 1972, D.A. Boehne, ♂, ♀ (BYUC); Douglas Co., Bryant Creek, Hwy 14, 3 mi SW Evans, 36.8870, -92.4733, 22 February 1972, R.W. Baumann & S.W. Szczytko, 12♂, 25♀ (BYUC); Bryant Creek, Hwy 14, near Gentryville, 36.8868, -92.4734, 14 March 1972, R.W. Baumann & C.D. Inman, ♂, 9♀ (BYUC); Bryant Creek, Gentryville, 18 February 1962, Ross & Stannard, ♂, 4♀ (INHS); North Fork White River, Hwy 14, Twin Bridges, 36.8109, -92.1492, 22 February 1972, R.W. Baumann, ♂, 2♀ (BYUC); Franklin Co., Indian Creek, 1.5 mi S Piney park at Hwy K, 38.2692, -90.9447, 4 February 2012, R.E. DeWalt & S.K. Ferguson, 11♂, 5♀, 8 nymphs (INHS); Greene Co., Little Pomme de Terre River, Hwy 65, near Fair Grove, 37.4161, -93.1452, 15 February 1972, R.W. Baumann, 2♂ (BYUC); same site, 24 March 1972, R.W. Baumann, ♀ (BYUC); Lawrence Co., White Oak Creek, near Red Oak, 37.2291, -94.0276, 19 March 1972, R.W. Baumann, ♀ (BYUC); Shannon Co., Current River, Hwy B, Cedar Grove, 37.4189, -91.6029, 17 March 2002, B.C. Kondratieff & R. Zuellig, ♂ (CSUC); Jacks Fork River, Hwy S, Creek, 17 March 2002, B.C. Kondratieff & R. Zuellig, 5♂, 6♀ (CSUC); Manan Creek, Hwy 106, W Eminence, 37.1461, -91.3792, 16 March 2002, B.C. Kondratieff & R. Zuellig, ♂ (CSUC); Big Shawnee Creek, 2 mi E Eminence at MO 106, 37.1528, -91.3131, 5 February 2012, R.E. DeWalt & S.K. Ferguson, ♂ (INHS), Shawnee Creek, Hwy 106, N Winona, 37.1528, -91.3132, 17 March 2002, B.C. Kondratieff & R. Zuellig, 3♂, 4♀ (CSUC); Taney Co., Bull Creek, Hwy 76, 36.7311, -93.1933, 28 February 1972, B.K. Newman, ♂, 3♀ (BYUC); same site, 8 March 1972, B. K. Newman, 4♂, 3♀ (BYUC); Texas Co., Big Piney River, Hwy RA, N Simmons, 17 March 2002, B.C. Kondratieff & R. Zuellig, ♀ (CSUC); Hog Creek, S Houston, 37.2400, -91.9527, 17 March 2002, B.C. Kondratieff & R. Zuellig, 2♀ (CSUC); Jacks Fork River, 5 mi S Pine Crest, 37.0563, -91.6679, 17 February 1962, Ross & Stannard, ♂ (INHS); Wright Co., Gasconade River, Hwy E, 9 mi. NE Hartville, 37.3135, -92.3988, 13 March 1987, B.C. Poulton, 2♀ (BYUC). Oklahoma, Adair Co., Ballard Creek, 36.0924, -94.5881, 20 February 1972, B.P. Stark, ♂, 4♀ (BYUC); unnamed stream, Hwy 59, Baron, 35.9195, -94.6199, 20 February 1972, B.P. Stark, 2♂, 2♀ (BYUC); Delaware Co., Flint Creek, 36.1942, -94.7069, 19 February 1984, B.C. Poulton, 2♂, 2♀ (BYUC).
Etymology.
The specific epithet recognizes that this species is broadly widespread across the Ozark Plateau region of southern Missouri, northern Arkansas, and northeastern Oklahoma, with one additional isolated locality in southwestern Illinois. The common name Ozark Forestfly is proposed for this species (Stark et al. 2012).
Diagnosis.
, , and sp. n. appear to form a closely-related species group based primarily on structural similarities of the short, compact lateral arms of the male dorsal sclerite and the female 8th sternum that bears a faint medial notch with poorly-developed lateral lobes. The combination of the narrow, v-shaped epiproct tip and the western Nearctic distribution of easily separates this species from and sp. n. The epiproct of and sp. n. narrow markedly to an acute, parallel-sided tip. In addition, the lateral arms of do not extend past the epiproct base whereas in and sp. n. the lateral arms are noticeably longer. sp. n. closely resembles in both the male and female adult stages. Whereas females of the two species appear indistinguishable, males can be separated by close examination of details of the lateral arms and the overall shape of the ventral sclerite. The lateral arms of sp. n. are short, pointed apically, and bear a stout nub on the outer surface (Fig. 29). While in the lateral arm is longer, scythe-shaped, and has a smooth outer margin (Fig. 15). The ventral sclerite of sp. n. is recurved in lateral aspect, especially along the ventral margin (Fig. 28) and expanded dorsally toward the apex (Fig. 25). Conversely, in the ventral sclerite is nearly straight in lateral aspect (Fig. 11) and narrow and nearly parallel-sided dorsally (Figs 9, 10).sp. n. overlaps in range only with (Fig. 42), but the combination of the long, sinuate lateral arms and the well-developed lateral lobes of the female 8th sternum easily distinguish the latter species from each of the four other species. With the surprising discovery of from southern Illinois, the distribution of this species is likely far from understood and there is no reason to preclude its presence west of the Mississippi River into the Interior Highland region. The ornate epiproct tip and absence of lateral arms of are distinctive features that make it easy to identify males of this species. Additionally, is the only species with a convex subgenital plate.sp. n. specimens from the Ozark Plateau, including the Boston Mountains, consistently exhibit distinctive male characters that set it apart from widespread . Specimens from states to the east, namely Indiana and Kentucky, are more difficult to separate consistently and even show variability in the same population. The records presented in Poulton and Stewart (1991) likely now pertain to sp. n., but very few of their specimens were available for study. The same also applies for reported in Stark and Stewart (1973), Ernst et al. (1984), Ernst and Stewart (1985a, 1985b, 1986), Jop and Stewart (1987), Phillips and Kilambi (1994), and Harp and Robison (2006).(Hagen)http://species-id.net/wiki/Prostoia_similishttp://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6094Figs 33–40
, 42
Figures 33–40.
, scanning electron micrographs, 33 USA, Virginia, Big Run, male, epiproct, dorsal view 34 USA, Virginia, McClure River, male, epiproct, lateral view 35 USA, Virginia, McClure River, male, epiproct tip, dorsal view 36 USA, Virginia, McClure River, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 37 USA, Virginia, McClure River, male, epiproct base, caudal view 38 USA, Virginia, Big Run, male, epiproct base, dorsal view 39 USA, McClure River, Virginia, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view 40 USA, Virginia, McClure River, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.
Taeniopteryx similis Hagen, 1861: 34. Holotype ♂ (USNM), Washington D.C., USA.Nemoura similis :Nemoura divergens :Nemoura divergens :Nemoura similis :Nemoura (Prostoia) similis :Prostoia similis :Prostoia similis :Prostoia similis :Prostoia similis :(Suppl. material 1).Canada: ON (New provincial record), PQ (DeWalt et al. 2013); USA: CT, DE, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, NY, OH, PA, SC, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2013), TN (New state record).is readily distinguished from all other species by the dorsal sclerite of the epiproct bearing long and sinuate lateral arms. As stated earlier, the ranges of and overlap extensively. Examination of large collections of and from the Great Lakes region has revealed that the former species appears to be markedly less common with increasing latitude (Grubbs et al. 2012). In comparison to , there are far fewer historical (pre-1960) and contemporaneous collections of from Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconson, and Ontario., scanning electron micrographs, 33 USA, Virginia, Big Run, male, epiproct, dorsal view 34 USA, Virginia, McClure River, male, epiproct, lateral view 35 USA, Virginia, McClure River, male, epiproct tip, dorsal view 36 USA, Virginia, McClure River, male, epiproct tip, lateral view 37 USA, Virginia, McClure River, male, epiproct base, caudal view 38 USA, Virginia, Big Run, male, epiproct base, dorsal view 39 USA, McClure River, Virginia, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view 40 USA, Virginia, McClure River, female, abdominal terminalia, ventral view.Distribution map for (circles) and (squares). The open symbols enclosing the solid symbols refer to the type localities for the two species.Distribution map for (circles), sp. n. (squares), and (triangles). The open symbols enclosing the solid symbols refer to the type localities for the three species.
1
Male
2
–
Females
6
2
Dorsal sclerite lacks lateral arms (Figs 17–18, 22–23); anterior terminus of ventral sclerite bears an ornate, secondarily divided process apically (Figs 18–21)
Lateral arms long and sinuate, reaching ca. ½ the length of the ventral sclerite (Figs 33–34, 37–38)
Prostoia similis (Hagen)
–
Lateral arms compact and markedly shorter, extending <¼ the length of the ventral sclerite (Figs 3, 5, 11, 13, 28–29)
4
4
In dorsal view, anterior terminus of ventral sclerite narrowing gradually to a V-shaped tip, subterminal portion markedly wider than posterior portion (Figs 1–2); lateral arms highly-reduced and can be difficult to see with light microscopy, not extending beyond base of dorsal sclerite (Figs 3, 5); widespread western Nearctic species
Prostoia besametsa (Ricker)
–
In dorsal view, anterior terminus of ventral sclerite set apart from majority of sclerite, tip near parallel-sided, subterminal portion only slightly wider than posterior portion (Figs 9–10, 25–26); lateral arms extending beyond base of dorsal sclerite (Figs 11, 13, 15, 27, 29, 31); central and eastern Nearctic species
5
5
In dorsal view, anterior portion of ventral sclerite parallel-sided beyond recurved base (Figs 9–10); in lateral view, posterior portion of ventral sclerite only slightly deflected ventrally (Fig. 11); tip of ventral sclerite slightly deflected upward, parallel-sided and subquadrate apically (Figs 9, 12, 14); lateral arms sickle-shaped, gradually recurved (Fig. 15)
Prostoia completa (Walker)
–
In dorsal view, anterior portion of ventral sclerite not parallel-sided, gradually expanding laterally beyond recurved base (Figs 25–27); in lateral view, posterior portion of ventral sclerite deflected ventrally (Fig. 28); tip of ventral sclerite not deflected upward (Figs 28–30); lateral arms triangular in shape, tips flared laterally (Figs 29, 31)
Prostoia ozarkensis Baumann & Grubbs, sp. n.
6
The 7th and 8th abdominal sterna not fused medially, with a well-developed subgenital plate that is convex, extending over the anteromedial margin of the 9th sternum and very slightly notched medially (Fig. 24)
Prostoia hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner
–
The 7th and 8th abdominal sterna fused medially, subgenital plate not convex and bearing a distinct medial notch (Figs 39–40) or not (Figs 8, 16, 32)
7
7
Posterior margin of 8th sternum with a distinct medial notch, lateral lobes of subgenital plate distinctly angular, projecting ca. 1/4th over anterior margin of 9th sternum (Figs 39–40)
Prostoia similis Hagen
–
Posterior margin of 8th sternum with, at best, a shallow medial notch, lateral lobes either projecting posteriorly or not (Figs 8, 16, 32)
8
8
Posterior margin of 8th sternum essentially straight, lateral lobes not projecting posteriorly as a subgenital plate (Figs 7–8; Baumann et al. 1977, Fig. 107); widespread western Nearctic species
Prostoia besametsa (Ricker)
–
Posterior margin of 8th sternum with a shallow median notch, lateral lobes broadly rounded, extending < 1/4th over anterior margin of 9th sternum (Figs 16, 32); central or eastern Nearctic species
9
9
Subgenital plate as in Fig. 16; eastern and central Nearctic species, known from eastern Canada south to Alabama and Mississippi, extending westward only to Iowa and Minnesota (Fig. 41)
Prostoia completa (Walker)
–
Subgenital plate as in Fig. 32; central Nearctic species, known from Shawnee Hills region of southern Illinois west to the Ozark Plateau region encompassing southern Missouri, northern Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma (Fig. 42)
Authors: R Edward DeWalt; Scott A Grubbs; Brian J Armitage; Richard W Baumann; Shawn M Clark; Michael J Bolton Journal: Biodivers Data J Date: 2016-11-16
Figures 1–8.
Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figures 9–16.
Figures 17–24.
Figures 25–32.
Figures 33–40.