Raanan Shamir1, Melvin B Heyman, Frits Koning, Cisca Wijmenga, Cisca Wijimenga, Javier Gutierrez-Achury, Carlo Catassi, Simona Gatti, Alessio Fasano, Valentina Discepolo, Ilma R Korponay-Szabó, Noam Zevit, Markku Maki, Maaike W Schaart, Maria L Mearin, Riccardo Troncone. 1. *Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel †Division of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, University of California, San Francisco ‡Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands §University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands ||Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ¶Center for Celiac Research, Massachustetts General Hospital for Children and Celiac Program at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA #Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy **Department of Medicine and the University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL ††Department of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, and Celiac Disease Center, Heim Pal Children's Hospital, Budapest, Hungary ‡‡Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland §§Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.