Interspecific variation in redox status regulation and immune defence in five bat species: the role of ectoparasites.

Harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during metabolism and immune responses are neutralized in part by a powerful enzymatic antioxidant system. Inter-species variability in the baseline activity of antioxidant enzymes may be explained by a variety of life history traits. For instance, ectoparasites can elicit repeated immune responses, thus increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. The bat species studied so far have been acknowledged to have effective antioxidant defences. However, interspecific comparisons within the clade do not exist. The present study compares the antioxidant defence and immune function activities in five northern boreal bat species relative to their ectoparasite prevalence and intensity (wing mites and louse flies) to reveal inter-species differences. Antioxidant enzyme and immune defense activities, which differ between species, are positively associated, with total ectoparasite (mites and bat flies) frequencies, total ROS, and protein carbonylation in Daubenton's bats, but enzyme activities are also independently influenced by sampling date with activities increasing towards the autumn. Antioxidant activities are also positively associated with total reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage (protein carbonylation) in the Daubenton's bat. Our results suggest that antioxidant activities are associated with ecological factors such as parasite load and season, and we consider it likely that these may partly explain the observed interspecific variation.