Tissue distribution of RNAs for cystatins, histatins, statherin, and proline-rich salivary proteins in humans and macaques.

The tissue distribution of the mRNAs for a number of salivary proteins [proline-rich proteins (PRPs), statherin, cystatins, and the histatins] has been examined in humans and macaques in order to investigate their possible functions and tissue-specific regulation. We have shown that PRP RNAs (0.8-1.5 kb) are expressed in human and rhesus parotid and submandibular glands, and in the human bronchus. The genes for the acidic and basic PRPs are differentially regulated in these tissues. RNAs for acidic PRPs are predominantly expressed in the submandibular gland, for basic PRPs in the respiratory tract, and for both acidic and basic PRPs in the parotid gland. Protein studies of secretions from these tissues confirm the RNA results. Statherin RNA (0.65 kb) was detected in human and rhesus parotid and submandibular glands and the human bronchus, as well as in rhesus lacrimal glands. Statherin was found by tissue immunoperoxidase staining in the serous cells of respiratory tract submucosal glands, which is the same location for the synthesis of PRPs. Several cystatin RNAs (0.8-1.3 kb) were differentially expressed in human parotid glands, submandibular glands, and the bronchus, and in lacrimal glands from both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. RNAs (0.6 kb) for the histatins were found only in parotid and submandibular glands. Thus, it appears that PRPs, statherin, and cystatins may play a broader role in the physiology of biological fluids and secretions than previously suspected, since they are found in secretions other than saliva. However, the functions of the histatins are restricted to saliva. These studies also pose some interesting questions regarding the differential expression of these genes in a variety of secretory tissues.