PURPOSE: The aim of this study was the development of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres with controlled porosity, to obtain microspheres that afford continuous release of a macromolecular model compound (blue dextran). METHODS: PLGA microspheres with a size of around 40 μm and narrow size distribution (span value of 0.3) were prepared with a double emulsion membrane emulsification method. Gene expression programming (GEP) analysis was applied to design and formulate a batch of microspheres with controlled porosity that shows continuous release of blue dextran. RESULTS: Low porous microspheres with a high loading efficiency were formed at high polymer concentrations (30% w/w in the oil phase) and were characterized with a burst release <10% and a three-phasic release profile of blue dextran. Increasing porosity (10% w/w polymer concentrations), a sustained release of blue dextran was obtained albeit with up to 40% of burst release. The desired formulation, calculated by GEP, resulted in microspheres with 72% loading efficiency and intermediate porosity. Blue dextran was indeed released continuously in almost a zero order manner over a period of 3 months after an initial small burst release of 9%. CONCLUSIONS: By fine-tuning the porosity, the release profile of PLGA microspheres for macromolecules can be predicted and changed from a three-phasic to a continuous release.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was the development of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres with controlled porosity, to obtain microspheres that afford continuous release of a macromolecular model compound (blue dextran). METHODS: PLGA microspheres with a size of around 40 μm and narrow size distribution (span value of 0.3) were prepared with a double emulsion membrane emulsification method. Gene expression programming (GEP) analysis was applied to design and formulate a batch of microspheres with controlled porosity that shows continuous release of blue dextran. RESULTS: Low porous microspheres with a high loading efficiency were formed at high polymer concentrations (30% w/w in the oil phase) and were characterized with a burst release <10% and a three-phasic release profile of blue dextran. Increasing porosity (10% w/w polymer concentrations), a sustained release of blue dextran was obtained albeit with up to 40% of burst release. The desired formulation, calculated by GEP, resulted in microspheres with 72% loading efficiency and intermediate porosity. Blue dextran was indeed released continuously in almost a zero order manner over a period of 3 months after an initial small burst release of 9%. CONCLUSIONS: By fine-tuning the porosity, the release profile of PLGA microspheres for macromolecules can be predicted and changed from a three-phasic to a continuous release.