SCOPE: This study assessed deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure in children from three geographic locations within Tanzania, over three time points in 1 year, using a urinary biomarker of exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 166 children aged 6-14 months were studied at a maize harvest and followed up twice at 6-month intervals. On two consecutive days, morning urine was collected from each child and urinary DON was measured using an LC-MS method, with and without β-glucuronidase hydrolysis in order to assess free DON (fDON) and glucuronide DON. Overall, urinary DON increased significantly along with the three visits (geometric mean 1.1, 2.3, and 5.7 ng/mL, at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, p < 0.01). fDON was 22% of urinary total DON. Urinary DON excretion rate was 74% in village Kikelelwa based on food DON level and food consumption. Assuming 360 mL of urine excreted per day, 10, 19, and 29% of children at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 1000 ng/kg b.w./day. CONCLUSION: Young children in Tanzania are chronically exposed to DON due to eating contaminated maize, although exposure levels varied markedly by region and season.
SCOPE: This study assessed deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure in children from three geographic locations within Tanzania, over three time points in 1 year, using a urinary biomarker of exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 166 children aged 6-14 months were studied at a maize harvest and followed up twice at 6-month intervals. On two consecutive days, morning urine was collected from each child and urinary DON was measured using an LC-MS method, with and without β-glucuronidase hydrolysis in order to assess free DON (fDON) and glucuronideDON. Overall, urinary DON increased significantly along with the three visits (geometric mean 1.1, 2.3, and 5.7 ng/mL, at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, p < 0.01). fDON was 22% of urinary total DON. Urinary DON excretion rate was 74% in village Kikelelwa based on food DON level and food consumption. Assuming 360 mL of urine excreted per day, 10, 19, and 29% of children at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 1000 ng/kg b.w./day. CONCLUSION: Young children in Tanzania are chronically exposed to DON due to eating contaminated maize, although exposure levels varied markedly by region and season.
Authors: Maria Papageorgiou; Liz Wells; Courtney Williams; Kay White; Barbara De Santis; Yunru Liu; Francesca Debegnach; Brunella Miano; Giorgio Moretti; Stephanie Greetham; Carlo Brera; Stephen L Atkin; Laura J Hardie; Thozhukat Sathyapalan Journal: Toxins (Basel) Date: 2018-01-23 Impact factor: 4.546
Authors: Laura E Smith; Andrew J Prendergast; Paul C Turner; Mduduzi N N Mbuya; Kuda Mutasa; George Kembo; Rebecca J Stoltzfus Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2015-12-15 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: Lei Xia; Michael N Routledge; Hifza Rasheed; Amir Ismail; Yao Dong; Tao Jiang; Yun Yun Gong Journal: Toxins (Basel) Date: 2020-09-12 Impact factor: 4.546