Debra E Bick1, Jane Sandall2, Marie Furuta3, Michael Y K Wee4, Richard Isaacs5, Gary B Smith6, Sarah Beake7. 1. King׳s College London, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, London, UK. Electronic address: debra.bick@kcl.ac.uk. 2. King׳s College London, Division of Women׳s Health, King׳s College London, London, UK. 3. Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. 4. Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK. 5. University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. 6. Centre of Postgraduate Medical Research & Education, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK. 7. King׳s College London, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, London, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: to identify the extent to which Early Warning Systems (EWS) are used by midwives in the United Kingdom (UK), the maternity settings they are used in, physiological parameters used to 'trigger' referral, training provision, barriers to implementation and role in preventing maternal morbidity. DESIGN: cross-sectional survey of heads of midwifery services. An email questionnaire was sent in September 2012. SETTING: UK NHS secondary care organisations providing maternity care. FINDINGS: heads of midwifery from 107 (68%) of 157 NHS organisations responded, with 108 questionnaires returned as two organisations had recently merged. All organisations, apart from one which only had a free-standing midwifery unit, had introduced EWS. Nearly all respondents (99%) reported EWS were used by midwives antenatally, 76% in labour and 100% on the postnatal ward. All EWS charts included body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation although parameters for escalation varied widely. Barriers to use of EWS by midwives included overlap with the partogram in labour, and staff shortages and delays obtaining clinical review when referral was triggered. Two-thirds considered EWS prevented maternal morbidity although few could provide supporting evidence, for example, audit findings. Training for midwives in use of EWS was available in 83% of organisations. CONCLUSION: most UK midwives are using EWS, with the highest use in obstetric units. The heterogeneity of EWS currently used potentially limits collation of evidence to inform appropriate system level responses. Research is needed to evaluate the role of EWS to prevent maternal morbidity during and after pregnancy in different maternity settings.
OBJECTIVE: to identify the extent to which Early Warning Systems (EWS) are used by midwives in the United Kingdom (UK), the maternity settings they are used in, physiological parameters used to 'trigger' referral, training provision, barriers to implementation and role in preventing maternal morbidity. DESIGN: cross-sectional survey of heads of midwifery services. An email questionnaire was sent in September 2012. SETTING: UK NHS secondary care organisations providing maternity care. FINDINGS: heads of midwifery from 107 (68%) of 157 NHS organisations responded, with 108 questionnaires returned as two organisations had recently merged. All organisations, apart from one which only had a free-standing midwifery unit, had introduced EWS. Nearly all respondents (99%) reported EWS were used by midwives antenatally, 76% in labour and 100% on the postnatal ward. All EWS charts included body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation although parameters for escalation varied widely. Barriers to use of EWS by midwives included overlap with the partogram in labour, and staff shortages and delays obtaining clinical review when referral was triggered. Two-thirds considered EWS prevented maternal morbidity although few could provide supporting evidence, for example, audit findings. Training for midwives in use of EWS was available in 83% of organisations. CONCLUSION: most UK midwives are using EWS, with the highest use in obstetric units. The heterogeneity of EWS currently used potentially limits collation of evidence to inform appropriate system level responses. Research is needed to evaluate the role of EWS to prevent maternal morbidity during and after pregnancy in different maternity settings.