Characterization of Shredder Residues generated and deposited in Denmark.

This study presents a detailed characterization of Shredder residues (SR) generated and deposited in Denmark from 1990 to 2010. It represents approximately 85% of total Danish SR. A comprehensive sampling, size fractionation and chemical analysis was carried out on entire samples as well as on each individual size fraction. All significant elemental contents except oxygen were analyzed. The unexplained "balance" was subsequently explained by oxygen content in metal oxides, carbonates, sulphates and in organics, mainly cellulose. Using mass and calorific balance approaches, it was possible to balance the composition and, thereby, estimate the degree of oxidation of elements including metals. This revealed that larger fractions (>10mm, 10-4mm, 4-1mm) contain significant amount of valuable free metals for recovery. The fractionation revealed that the >10mm coarse fraction was the largest amount of SR being 35-40% (w/w) with a metal content constituting about 4-9% of the total SR by weight and the <1mm fine fraction constituted 27-37% (w/w) of the total weight. The lower heat value (LHV) of SR samples over different time periods (1990-2010) was between 7 and 17 MJ/kg, declining with decreasing particle size. The SR composition is greatly dependent on the applied shredding and post shredding processes at the shredding plants causing some variations. There are uncertainties related to sampling and preparation of samples for analyses due to its heterogeneous nature and uncertainties in the chemical analyses results (≈15-25%). This exhaustive characterization is believed to constitute hitherto the best data platform for assessing potential value and feasibility of further resource recovery from SR.