Evidence from aphasia for the role of proper names as pure referring expressions.

Here we describe a patient who, as a result of brain damage, had a dramatic inability to retrieve proper names, and who thus offered the opportunity of observing the distinction made in the brain between proper and common names. Although category specific aphasic disturbances are relatively common, this patient's anomia for proper names is very rare: only two other cases have been described so far. The opposite phenomenon, a selective sparing of proper names, has also been recently observed. It is widely assumed that double dissociations such as this reflect the premorbid organization of the cognitive system: the categories of proper and common nouns, therefore, would be separately represented or, at least, separately accessed in the intact brain. The only other such deficits, including the inability to learn arbitrary links between words and to guess the titles of pieces of music, are believed to be indicative of a problem in dealing with purely referential relations. This, in turn, would indirectly confirm the role of proper names as pure referring expressions.