Grigoris Effraimidis1, Jan G P Tijssen2, Wilmar M Wiersinga1. 1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption has been identified as a protective factor for some autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that alcohol consumption would reduce the risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). STUDY DESIGN: Two nested case-control studies in the prospective Amsterdam AITD cohort. Follow-up was 5 years, with annual assessments. In study A, we compared alcohol consumption between cases (subjects who during follow-up remained euthyroid but developed thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), called event) and controls (subjects who remained euthyroid and TPO-Ab-negative). In study B, we compared alcohol consumption between cases (subjects who during follow-up developed overt hypothyroidism, called event) and controls (subjects who did not develop overt hypothyroidism). For each case, 2 controls were selected, matched for age, duration of follow-up and smoking behavior at baseline and at the time of event. RESULTS: In study A, alcohol consumption did not differ between cases and controls at any time point. In study B, the number of subjects consuming >10 units of alcohol per week was not different between cases and controls at study entrance (8.3 vs. 14.5%, NS), but lower at 1 year before (5.3 vs. 19.7%, p = 0.041) and at the time of event (6.7 vs. 23.7%, p = 0.044); respective odds ratios are 0.54 (0.14-2.06), 0.23 (0.05-1.04) and 0.23 (0.05-1.06). CONCLUSION: Alcohol consumption is not associated with de novo development of TPO-Ab, but is lower in subjects who developed overt hypothyroidism. The data suggest alcohol consumption may protect against overt autoimmune hypothyroidism.
BACKGROUND:Alcohol consumption has been identified as a protective factor for some autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that alcohol consumption would reduce the risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). STUDY DESIGN: Two nested case-control studies in the prospective Amsterdam AITD cohort. Follow-up was 5 years, with annual assessments. In study A, we compared alcohol consumption between cases (subjects who during follow-up remained euthyroid but developed thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), called event) and controls (subjects who remained euthyroid and TPO-Ab-negative). In study B, we compared alcohol consumption between cases (subjects who during follow-up developed overt hypothyroidism, called event) and controls (subjects who did not develop overt hypothyroidism). For each case, 2 controls were selected, matched for age, duration of follow-up and smoking behavior at baseline and at the time of event. RESULTS: In study A, alcohol consumption did not differ between cases and controls at any time point. In study B, the number of subjects consuming >10 units of alcohol per week was not different between cases and controls at study entrance (8.3 vs. 14.5%, NS), but lower at 1 year before (5.3 vs. 19.7%, p = 0.041) and at the time of event (6.7 vs. 23.7%, p = 0.044); respective odds ratios are 0.54 (0.14-2.06), 0.23 (0.05-1.04) and 0.23 (0.05-1.06). CONCLUSION:Alcohol consumption is not associated with de novo development of TPO-Ab, but is lower in subjects who developed overt hypothyroidism. The data suggest alcohol consumption may protect against overt autoimmune hypothyroidism.
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