BACKGROUND: Hormonal changes during menstrual cycling may affect susceptibility to HIV. METHODS: We determined the simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition time point in 43 cycling pigtail macaques infected by repeated vaginal virus exposures initiated randomly in the cycle. RESULTS: SHIV infection was first detected in the follicular phase in 38 macaques (88%), and in the luteal phase in five macaques (12%), indicating a statistically significant timing difference. Assuming a 7-day eclipse phase, most infections occurred during or following a high-progesterone period associated with menstruation, vaginal epithelium thinning, and suppressed mucosal immunity. CONCLUSIONS: This raises questions whether other high-progesterone conditions (pregnancy, hormonal contraception) similarly affect HIV risk. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
BACKGROUND: Hormonal changes during menstrual cycling may affect susceptibility to HIV. METHODS: We determined the simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition time point in 43 cycling pigtail macaques infected by repeated vaginal virus exposures initiated randomly in the cycle. RESULTS:SHIV infection was first detected in the follicular phase in 38 macaques (88%), and in the luteal phase in five macaques (12%), indicating a statistically significant timing difference. Assuming a 7-day eclipse phase, most infections occurred during or following a high-progesterone period associated with menstruation, vaginal epithelium thinning, and suppressed mucosal immunity. CONCLUSIONS: This raises questions whether other high-progesterone conditions (pregnancy, hormonal contraception) similarly affect HIV risk. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Entities:
Keywords:
HIV acquisition; HIV risk; hormonal contraception; menstrual cycle; mucosal immunity; reproductive hormone
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