Autophagy in antimicrobial immunity.

Autophagy plays a key role in cellular homeostasis, responding to various environmental stresses. In particular, pathogen invasion leads to rapid induction of autophagy, which is critical for both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we focus on the emerging molecular mechanisms of pathogen elimination by autophagy (a process known as xenophagy) and on the strategies developed by pathogens to subvert autophagy. We also address other functions of autophagy proteins in restricting pathogen invasion, independent of the formation of a canonical double-membrane autophagosome.