Daytime restricted feeding modifies the daily variations of liver gluconeogenesis: adaptations in biochemical and endocrine regulators.

Daytime restricted feeding (DRF) promotes circadian adaptations in the metabolic processing of nutrients. We explored the hepatic gluconeogenic response in DRF rats by the temporal profiles of the following: (1) the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), as well as the periportal and pericentral distribution of PEPCK; (2) conversion of alanine to glucose; (3) glycemia and liver glycogen content; (4) presence of glycogen synthase (GYS) and its phosphorylated form (at Ser641, pGYS); (5) circulating levels of corticosterone, glucagon and insulin; (6) glucose-tolerance test; and (7) sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). The results showed that DRF promoted: (1) a phase shift in G6Pase activity and an increase in PEPCK activity as well as a change of PEPCK from periportal to pericentral hepatocytes, (2) a net conversion of alanine to circulating glucose, (3) a decrease in glycemic values and a phase shift in the liver glycogen content, (4) a phase shift in GYS and an increase of pGYS, (5) an increase in the daily levels of corticosterone and glucagon, but a reduction in the levels of insulin, (6) normal glucose homeostasis in all groups and (7) an enhanced presence of SIRT1 and PGC-1α. It is proposed that the increased gluconeogenic in DRF group promotes synthesis of hepatic glycogen and the production of glucose. These results could be a modulation of the gluconeogenic process due to rheostatic adaptations in the endocrine, metabolic and timing regulation of liver and could be associated with the physiology of the food entrained oscillator.