Studies of (-)-pironetin binding to α-tubulin: conformation, docking, and molecular dynamics.

A comprehensive conformational analysis for the anticancer agent pironetin (1) was achieved by molecular modeling using density functional theory calculations at the B3PW91/DGTZVP level in combination with calculated and experimental (1)H-(1)H coupling constants comparison. Two solvent-dependent conformational families (L and M) were revealed for the optimum conformations. Docking studies of the pironetin-tubulin complex determined a quantitative model for the hydrogen-bond interactions of pironetin through the αAsn249, αAsn258, and αLys352 amino groups in α-tubulin, which supported the formation of a covalent adduct between the αLys352 and the β carbon atom of the α,β-unsaturated lactone. Saturation-transfer difference NMR spectroscopy confirmed that pironetin binds to tubulin, while molecular dynamics exposed a distortion of the tubulin secondary structure at the H8 and H10 α-helices as well as at the S9 β-sheet, where αLys352 is located. A large structural perturbation in the M-loop geometry between the αIle274 and αLeu285 residues, an essential region for molecular recognition between α-α and β-β units of protofilaments, was also identified and provided a rationale for the pironetin inhibitory activity.