Literature DB >> 24758906

[Significance of epithelial-mesenchaymal transition phenotype in invasive tumor front cells of lung squamous cell carcinoma].

Yinghua Song1, Caiqing Zhang1, Zhixin Cao2, Jiawen Xu2, Lingcheng Wang3, Xiaoyan Lin2.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND
OBJECTIVE: The invasive tumor front (ITF) refers to cells or invasive nests in the junctional region of a tumor and its host. The ITF contains the most invasive cells of a tumor, and has a high prognostic value in carcinoma. The aim of this study is to investigate the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation phenotype in ITF cells of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and analyze the relationship between clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of patients.
METHODS: Semiquantitative immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and β-catenin) and mesenchymal marker (vimentin) in 104 lung SCC tumor tissues.
RESULTS: A decrease in E-cadherin expression in ITF cells was observed in 56 of 104 (53.8%) tumors from patients. This result was markedly lower than that of non-ITF cells, which eventually developed metastatic tumors and were also associated with death (P=0.04). Vimentin expression was observed in 44 of 104 (42.3%) ITF cells, which was much higher than that of non-ITF cells. The downregulation of E-cadherin and overexpression of vimentin were associated with tumor invasive pattern, lymphatic metastasis, and poor prognosis (P<0.01). The expression of β-catenin was 67.3% (70/104) in ITF cells. Moreover, ITF cells showed more nuclear and plasma-positive cells, which were closely associated with metastasis (P<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: The loss in expression of E-cadherin/β-catenin and overexpression of vimentin in ITF cells may be associated with poor prognosis of lung SCC patients.

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Year:  2014        PMID: 24758906      PMCID: PMC6000016          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.04.05

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


肺鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell cancer, SCC)是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)的主要病理组织学类型之一,其发病率在全球范围内呈逐年升高趋势。虽然早期肺SCC可以治愈,但进展期患者的预后仍较差,局部复发和远处转移是其主要原因。因此,寻找可靠的预测复发及转移的分子标记物对于改善肺SCC的预后意义重大[。 肿瘤浸润前沿(invasive tumor front, ITF)定义为位于肿瘤与宿主组织和器官交界处的3层-6层细胞或散在浸润的细胞团。研究[证实,ITF细胞与肿瘤中心部分细胞的生物学特点迥异,对判断肿瘤患者预后具有较高的参考价值。近年来研究发现,ITF细胞是发生上皮-间质细胞转化(epithelial-mesenchaymal transition, EMT)最为明显的细胞,其特点是肿瘤细胞失去上皮细胞表型(E-cadherin),或者是获得了间叶细胞表型(vimentin),从而浸润性增强并促进肿瘤恶性进展。其中,E-cadherin/β-catenin复合体在调控肿瘤的EMT过程中参与了多种人类实体瘤的浸润、转移过程,但在ITF细胞中的表达意义报道不多[。本研究旨在探讨E-cadherin/β-catinin复合体和vimentin在肺SCC ITF细胞中的表达,分析ITF细胞的EMT表型与临床病理特点的关系以及在预测SCC患者预后中的价值。

对象与方法

组织学标本

收集2011年1月-2012年12月间山东省立医院胸外科手术切除的肺SCC标本104例,采集患者完整的临床病理学资料。由两名病理学医生依据WHO(2004年)标准对HE切片进行复审组织学诊断。所有患者均进行了肿瘤切除以及肺门淋巴结清扫术,并在术前未进行放化疗。相关临床病理资料见表 1。
1

E-cadherin、β-catenin和vimentin在肺SCC肿瘤中央细胞及ITF细胞的表达

Comparetion between E-cadherin, β-catenin and vimentin expression of ITF cells and tumor central cells

GroupE-cadherinβ-cateninVimentin
N: negative; L: low expression; H: high expression; ITF: invasive tumor front. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma.
NLHPNLHPNLHP
Non-ITF1420700.00879880.013801680.008
ITF263048132170602420
E-cadherin、β-catenin和vimentin在肺SCC肿瘤中央细胞及ITF细胞的表达 Comparetion between E-cadherin, β-catenin and vimentin expression of ITF cells and tumor central cells

组织病理学评估

根据分化程度将肺SCC分为高分化、中分化和低分化3组。根据TNM分期分为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期。肿瘤的浸润方式通过正常组织-肿瘤组织交界处评价,根据Bryne’s分类,浸润方式分为4型:1型为推挤型;2型为肿瘤为指状浸润或分离的大肿瘤细胞岛;3型为浸润的肿瘤岛由大于15个细胞组成;4型为浸润肿瘤细胞岛小于15个细胞,包括条索样和单个细胞浸润[。

免疫组织化学染色

采用SP法,组织切片经脱蜡及梯度酒精水化,3%过氧化氢H2O2封闭内源性的过氧化物酶,0.01 M枸橼酸钠缓冲液(pH6.0)微波加热进行抗原修复。加入一抗室温孵育60 min,山羊抗鼠二抗室温孵育30 min。抗体为E-cadherin单克隆抗体、β-catenin单克隆抗体和vimentin多克隆抗体(北京中杉生物技术公司)。切片PBS冲洗3次,DAB显色,苏木素复染。免疫反应结果经2名病理学医师在未知临床数据的情况下分别进行判断。癌旁肺组织做为阳性对照,PBS代替一抗作为阴性对照。

染色结果判断

选择典型的阳性染色区域,高倍镜下观察5个视野,每个视野计数100个细胞,总共计数500个细胞,然后计算出阳性百分率。根据染色强度和分布进行半定量评分:免疫组化分数=染色强度得分×阳性率得分。染色强度分为:阴性为0分,弱阳性1分,中等阳性2分和强阳性3分。阳性细胞比率分为:阴性为0分, < 10%为1分,11%-50%为2分,51%-80%为3分,≥81%为4分。根据最终得分将染色结果分为:阴性,为0分;1分-4分为低表达,≥4分为高表达。肿瘤浸润前沿细胞的免疫组化染色结果判断也按照此标准进行[。

随访和统计学分析

104例患者的随访时间为52周-144周,中位随访时间为106周。总生存率和无病生存率应用Kaplan-Meier曲线计算,用Log-rank检验对照。采用单因素和多因素Cox比例回归模型分析预后因素。临床病理学参数和E-cadherin、β-catenin和vimentin的表达关系应用χ2检验。数据分析应用SPSS 16.0 for windows统计分析软件。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

EMT蛋白在肺SCC

ITF细胞中的表达E-cadherin在正常肺泡上皮呈胞膜强阳性表达,在SCC中心部分肿瘤细胞表达降低或缺失(33.0%, 34/104),在ITF细胞中表达缺失率(53.8%, 56/104),较前两者明显降低(P < 0.05)。β-catenin在正常肺泡上皮呈胞膜阳性,中心肿瘤组织阳性率为84.6%(88/104),而ITF细胞的阳性率为67.3%(70/104),较正常组织和非ITF细胞均明显降低(P=0.01),部分细胞还出现了胞质和细胞核表达(20.0%,21/104)。Vimentin在正常肺组织上皮细胞不表达,但在23.1%(24/104)的SCCITF细胞的肿瘤组织强弱不等的阳性表达,而在ITF的细胞阳性率明显增加(42.3%,44/104高表达)(P=0.008)(图 1,表 1)。
1

EMT相关蛋白在肺SCC中的表达。E-cadherin在肺SCC组织中的表达情况(A),在中央肿瘤组织胞膜强阳性(B),而ITF细胞中为阴性(C);β-catenin在肺SCC组织中的表达情况(D),显示在肿瘤中央细胞胞膜和胞浆阳性(E),而ITF组织中为阴性(F);vimentin在肺SCC组织中的表达(G),显示肿瘤中央细胞为阴性表达(H),而在ITF组织中高表达(I)(HE染色,A、D和G ×100倍;B、C、E、F、H、I×400倍)

EMT protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in lung SCC. Expression of E-cadherin in lung SCC (A): E-cadherin was strong positive membranous staining (B), but negative was found in ITF cells (C); Expression of β-catenin in lung SCC (D), β-catenin was membranous or cytoplasmic positive staining (E), but negative in ITF cells (F); Expression of vimentin in lung SCC (G): vimentin was cytoplasmic positive staining (H), but negative in ITF cells (I). (A, D, H, ×100; B, C, E, F, H, I, ×400). EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition

EMT相关蛋白在肺SCC中的表达。E-cadherin在肺SCC组织中的表达情况(A),在中央肿瘤组织胞膜强阳性(B),而ITF细胞中为阴性(C);β-catenin在肺SCC组织中的表达情况(D),显示在肿瘤中央细胞胞膜和胞浆阳性(E),而ITF组织中为阴性(F);vimentin在肺SCC组织中的表达(G),显示肿瘤中央细胞为阴性表达(H),而在ITF组织中高表达(I)(HE染色,A、D和G ×100倍;B、C、E、F、H、I×400倍) EMT protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in lung SCC. Expression of E-cadherin in lung SCC (A): E-cadherin was strong positive membranous staining (B), but negative was found in ITF cells (C); Expression of β-catenin in lung SCC (D), β-catenin was membranous or cytoplasmic positive staining (E), but negative in ITF cells (F); Expression of vimentin in lung SCC (G): vimentin was cytoplasmic positive staining (H), but negative in ITF cells (I). (A, D, H, ×100; B, C, E, F, H, I, ×400). EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition

SCC ITF细胞中E-cadherin、β-catenin和vimentin表达与各临床病理特征的关系

E-cadherin、β-catenin和vimentinSCC ITF细胞的表达与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、组织学分化程度和临床分期均无相关性。ITF细胞中E-cadherin低表达和vimentin高表达在3型、4型浸润方式的ITF细胞中更为明显(P分别为0.01和0.02)。β-catenin在ITF细胞的表达与浸润方式无关,但是在3型、4型浸润方式中出现细胞核/质异常染色的比率(27.9%, 17/61)明显高于1型、2型浸润方式(15%, 6/40)(P=0.04)。此外,三者在ITF细胞中的表达均与肺门淋巴结转移和肿瘤复发相关。ITF细胞中E-cadherin下调组,β-catenin下调组和Vimentin上调组出现淋巴结转移率与对照组相比(66.1% vs 45.8%; 73.5% vs 48.6%; 70.0% vs 48.4%),具有明显差异(P分别为0.04、0.02和0.03)。ITF细胞中E-cadherin低表达组,β-catenin低表达组和vimentin高表达组出现肿瘤复发率与对照组相比(35.7% vs 18.8%; 41.2% vs 21.4%; 42.5% vs 18.8%),差异明显(P分别为0.04、0.04和0.01)。分析三者间的表达关系显示,E-cadherin的表达与β-catenin正相关(P=0.01),与vimentin表达呈负相关(P=0.035);而vimentin和β-catenin两者的表达不相关(表 2)。
2

E-cadherin、β-catenin和vimentin三者在SCC ITF细胞的表达与各种临床病理特征的关系

Relationship between E-cadherin, β-catenin and vimentin expression levels of ITF cells and clinical variables of SCC

GroupnE-cadherinβ-cateninvimentin
n: number of patients; L: low expression, including negative and low expression; H: high expression; N0: no nodal metastasis; N(+): nodal metastasis. *: P < 0.05.
LHPLHPLHP
Gender0.600.110.76
  Male72343820524527
  Female32221014181913
Age (yr)0.820.490.87
  ≤5038211714242315
   > 5066353120464125
Tumor location0.850.790.94
  Central81443727545031
  Peripheral231211716149
Tumor size (cm)0.140.070.45
  ≤362372516464022
   > 342192318242418
Histological differentiation0.070.400.53
  Well271512918198
  Moderate54252915393123
  Poor231671013149
Invasion pattern0.01*0.520.02*
  118612612135
  2229131012175
  335181710252312
  4292368211118
TNM stage0.440.300.12
  Ⅰ41241711302912
  Ⅱ/Ⅲ63323123403528
Lymph node status0.04*0.02*0.03*
  N (+)59372225343128
  N04519269363312
Recurence0.04*0.04*0.01*
  Yes2920914151217
  No75363920555223
E-cadherin、β-catenin和vimentin三者在SCC ITF细胞的表达与各种临床病理特征的关系 Relationship between E-cadherin, β-catenin and vimentin expression levels of ITF cells and clinical variables of SCC

生存分析

根据最后一次随访的结果,24例(23.1%)患者无瘤存活,20例(19.2%)患者带瘤生存,60例患者(57.7%)死于肿瘤复发。Kaplan-Meier法分析显示ITF E-cadherin高表达组和vimentin低表达组的患者预后分别较ITF E-cadherin低表达组和vimentin高表达组好(P < 0.01)(图 2)。根据单因素的Cox比例风险回归模型分析,肿瘤大小(P=0.04)、淋巴结状态(P=0.04)、ITF细胞的vimentin(P < 0.01)和E-cadherin的表达水平(P < 0.01)与总生存率相关。在多因素Cox比例回归分析,ITF细胞的vimentin表达(P=0.042)和E-cadherin表达(P=0.016)与患者的总生存率和无病生存密切相关。
2

ITF细胞中EMT表型与患者预后的关系。A:E-cadherin;B:vimentin

Survival curve by expression of E-cadherin and vimentin in lung SCC. A: E-cadherin; B: vimentin

ITF细胞中EMT表型与患者预后的关系。A:E-cadherin;B:vimentin Survival curve by expression of E-cadherin and vimentin in lung SCC. A: E-cadherin; B: vimentin

讨论

所谓ITF是指位于肿瘤与宿主组织或器官交界处最前沿的3层-6层肿瘤细胞或分散的细胞团,该部分肿瘤细胞较之其他部分肿瘤细胞分化更差,其形态和功能特征更能反映肿瘤的生物多形性及侵袭性,众多研究发现多种肿瘤的预后与ITF细胞的生物学特性密切相关。 E-cadherin是上皮细胞中表达的一种钙依赖性跨膜糖蛋白。正常情况下E-cadherin的胞质内区段与β-catenin形成复合体,作为细胞-细胞连接促进细胞间的粘附性,在维持细胞极性和组织学结构中发挥重要作用。已证实多种恶性上皮性肿瘤中E-cadherin/β-catenin复合体表达下调与肿瘤浸润转移和不良预后有关[,但有关肺SCC ITF细胞的研究少见。本研究结果显示E-cadherin在肺SCC肿瘤组织尤其是在ITF细胞中表达较正常组织降低,并与肿瘤的浸润方式、肺门淋巴结转移和复发等因素密切相关,单因素及多因素分析均显示其是肺SCC的预后标记。这与Choi等[的研究结果一致。有关SCC ITF细胞EMT表型的研究目前多见于口腔SSC肿瘤中,Kim等[检测到83例口腔SCC ITF细胞中E-cadherin的表达降低并与淋巴结转移和患者预后有关。而Wang等[研究认为E-cadherin在肺SCC ITF细胞的表达缺失并不是无瘤生存期的预后指标。 β-catenin是一种双向功能的连接素,正常位于胞膜。在致癌因子的作用下β-catenin聚集于细胞质和/或胞核中,与TCF/LEF(T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor)结合启动cyclin D1和c-myc等基因转录,加快肿瘤侵袭转移[。β-catenin在肺癌ITF中的表达鲜见报道。本研究证实肺SCCITF细胞中β-catenin表达明显低于正常组织和非ITF肿瘤中心组织,同时观察到出现胞核异常表达,并且与肺门淋巴结转移和肿瘤复发相关。Choi等[研究也认为β-catenin的表达缺失与肺腺癌的预后相关,而与SCC的预后无关。Sasaya等[研究了62例口腔SCC中β-catenin的表达,显示ITF细胞β-catenin表达降低出现胞质/胞核着色,并与不良预后有关。Zhang等[认为肿瘤组织β-catenin的表达缺失与肺癌患者无病生存期有关,而我们的研究中发现两者并无相关性,分析原因可能与样本数量和判断标准不同有关。目前,有关β-catenin表达及预后意义的研究结论还有待大样本深入研究[。 Vimentin是一种间质细胞的标志物,其表达与多种恶性肿瘤如乳腺癌、肝癌、结肠癌和前列腺癌的恶性表型和不良预后相关[。Soltermann等[发现vimentin的启动子是β-catenin/TCF细胞通路的靶点,共同参与了细胞侵袭和迁移。本文研究结果表明vimentin在肺SCCITF细胞表达较非ITF细胞明显增加,vimentin强阳性表达在肿瘤的ITF细胞中是常见的现象,并与肿瘤的浸润方式、肺门淋巴结转移和肿瘤复发密切相关。我们应用单因素或多因素分析显示,vimentin的过表达与短的总生存时间和无病生存时间有关,提示肿瘤ITF细胞vimentin高表达是提示不良预后的分子标志物之一。 通过分析E-cadherin/cantenin和vimentin三者的表达关系,发现在肿瘤的ITF细胞E-cadherin和β-catenin的表达呈正相关关系;vimentinE-cadherin表达呈负相关,vimentin表达与E-cadherin丢失是细胞间叶化的特征,这些发现进一步支持了vimentin可下调E-cadherin表达的结论[。然而vimentin表达与β-catenin无关,提示可能是β-catenin/TCF通路可能在调控vimentin表达的过程中未发挥作用。 总之,E-cadherin/β-catenin与vimentin在肺SCC ITF细胞中的表达与患者的预后密切相关,这些指标的异常表达可预测患者的不良预后,其具体的预后价值尚需大样本资料的进一步研究。
  20 in total

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2.  DNA ploidy, E-cadherin, beta-catenin expression and their clinicopathologic significance in imprints of non-small cell lung cancer.

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Journal:  Anal Quant Cytol Histol       Date:  2009-10       Impact factor: 0.302

3.  Optimal combination of immunohistochemical markers for subclassification of non-small cell lung carcinomas: A tissue microarray study of poorly differentiated areas.

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Journal:  Lung Cancer       Date:  2011-10-05       Impact factor: 5.705

4.  Prognostic significance of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer.

Authors:  Yong Soo Choi; Young Mog Shim; Sang-Hui Kim; Dae Soon Son; Hye-Sook Lee; Gou Young Kim; Joungho Han; Jhingook Kim
Journal:  Eur J Cardiothorac Surg       Date:  2003-09       Impact factor: 4.191

5.  The expression of E-cadherin at the invasive tumor front of oral squamous cell carcinoma: immunohistochemical and RT-PCR analysis with clinicopathological correlation.

Authors:  Xinhong Wang; Jiali Zhang; Mingwen Fan; Qian Zhou; Hao Deng; Mohd Jamal Aisharif; Xinming Chen
Journal:  Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod       Date:  2009-04

6.  Reduced expression of E-cadherin/catenin complex in hepatocellular carcinomas.

Authors:  Bo Zhai; He-Xin Yan; Shu-Qin Liu; Lei Chen; Meng-Chao Wu; Hong-Yang Wang
Journal:  World J Gastroenterol       Date:  2008-10-07       Impact factor: 5.742

7.  Prognostic significance of epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-epithelial transition protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer.

Authors:  Alex Soltermann; Verena Tischler; Stefanie Arbogast; Julia Braun; Nicole Probst-Hensch; Walter Weder; Holger Moch; Glen Kristiansen
Journal:  Clin Cancer Res       Date:  2008-11-15       Impact factor: 12.531

Review 8.  Molecular changes in invasive front of oral cancer.

Authors:  Mohit Sharma; Parul Sah; Sonal Soi Sharma; Raghu Radhakrishnan
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9.  Expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins and their clinical significance in lung adenocarcinoma.

Authors:  Yongli Shi; Hongyan Wu; Mingyi Zhang; Lei Ding; Fanqing Meng; Xiangshan Fan
Journal:  Diagn Pathol       Date:  2013-05-24       Impact factor: 2.644

10.  Concomitant loss of p120-catenin and β-catenin membrane expression and oral carcinoma progression with E-cadherin reduction.

Authors:  Kazunobu Sasaya; Haruka Sudo; Genta Maeda; Shuichi Kawashiri; Kazushi Imai
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2013-08-06       Impact factor: 3.240

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