MicroRNA in pulmonary vascular disease.

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short noncoding RNA that regulate gene expression by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation of target mRNA. miRNA are key regulators of a wide range of cellular processes and their discovery has revolutionized our understanding of gene regulatory networks. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating and fatal disease characterized by remodeling of pulmonary arteries and right heart failure. Factors including sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation, and altered cellular signaling pathways drive disease through pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and the recruitment of circulating cells. miRNA have been shown to regulate many of the key drivers of pathology, yet the role of only a limited number of miRNA has been recognized in PAH. Investigation of the diverse regulatory functions of miRNA offers the potential to further understanding of the cellular pathology of PAH and to provide much needed diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on recent advances in the investigation of miRNA in PAH.