Crossmodal shaping of pain: a multisensory approach to nociception.

Noxious stimuli in our environment are often accompanied by input from other sensory modalities that can affect the processing of these stimuli and the perception of pain. Stimuli from these other modalities may distract us from pain and reduce its perceived strength. Alternatively, they can enhance the saliency of the painful input, leading to an increased pain experience. We discuss factors that influence the crossmodal shaping of pain and highlight the important role of innocuous stimuli in peripersonal space. We propose that frequency-specific modulations in local oscillatory power and in long-range functional connectivity may serve as neural mechanisms underlying the crossmodal shaping of pain. Finally, we provide an outlook on future directions and clinical implications of this promising research field.