Exchange bias effect in nanostructured magnetic oxides.

The exchange bias phenomenon observed in nanostructured magnetic oxides with the combination of a variety of magnetic phases such as ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, cluster glass, spin glass and disordered magnetic state are reviewed. The systems of different types of magnetic oxides are investigated here. The exchange bias phenomenon has been discussed based on macroscopic experimental tools such as magnetization and magnetoresistance measurements. Some of the applications are also discussed. Some of the factors controlling exchange bias phenomenon and some unsolved issues are also highlighted.