Ann W Hsing1, Edward Yeboah2, Richard Biritwum2, Yao Tettey2, Angelo M De Marzo3, Andrew Adjei2, George J Netto3, Kai Yu4, Yan Li4, Anand P Chokkalingam5, Lisa W Chu6, David Chia7, Alan Partin3, Ian M Thompson8, Sabah M Quraishi4, Shelley Niwa9, Robert Tarone10, Robert N Hoover4. 1. Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Health Research and Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Electronic address: ann.hsing@cpic.org. 2. School of Medicine, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. 3. James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 4. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. 5. Department of Epidemiology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 6. Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 7. School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 8. University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. 9. Westat, Rockville, Maryland. 10. International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To our knowledge the reasons for the high rates of prostate cancer in black American men are unknown. Genetic and lifestyle factors have been implicated. Better understanding of prostate cancer rates in West African men would help clarify why black American men have such high rates since the groups share genetic ancestry and yet have different lifestyles and screening practices. To estimate the prostate cancer burden in West African men we performed a population based screening study with biopsy confirmation in Ghana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We randomly selected 1,037 healthy men 50 to 74 years old from Accra, Ghana for prostate cancer screening with prostate specific antigen testing and digital rectal examination. Men with a positive screen result (positive digital rectal examination or prostate specific antigen greater than 2.5 ng/ml) underwent transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies. RESULTS: Of the 1,037 men 154 (14.9%) had a positive digital rectal examination and 272 (26.2%) had prostate specific antigen greater than 2.5 ng/ml, including 166 with prostate specific antigen greater than 4.0 ng/ml. A total of 352 men (33.9%) had a positive screen by prostate specific antigen or digital rectal examination and 307 (87%) underwent biopsy. Of these men 73 were confirmed to have prostate cancer, yielding a 7.0% screen detected prostate cancer prevalence (65 patients), including 5.8% with prostate specific antigen greater than 4.0 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: In this relatively unscreened population in Africa the screen detected prostate cancer prevalence is high, suggesting a possible role of genetics in prostate cancer etiology and the disparity in prostate cancer risk between black and white American men. Further studies are needed to confirm the high prostate cancer burden in African men and the role of genetics in prostate cancer etiology.
PURPOSE: To our knowledge the reasons for the high rates of prostate cancer in black American men are unknown. Genetic and lifestyle factors have been implicated. Better understanding of prostate cancer rates in West African men would help clarify why black American men have such high rates since the groups share genetic ancestry and yet have different lifestyles and screening practices. To estimate the prostate cancer burden in West African men we performed a population based screening study with biopsy confirmation in Ghana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We randomly selected 1,037 healthy men 50 to 74 years old from Accra, Ghana for prostate cancer screening with prostate specific antigen testing and digital rectal examination. Men with a positive screen result (positive digital rectal examination or prostate specific antigen greater than 2.5 ng/ml) underwent transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies. RESULTS: Of the 1,037 men 154 (14.9%) had a positive digital rectal examination and 272 (26.2%) had prostate specific antigen greater than 2.5 ng/ml, including 166 with prostate specific antigen greater than 4.0 ng/ml. A total of 352 men (33.9%) had a positive screen by prostate specific antigen or digital rectal examination and 307 (87%) underwent biopsy. Of these men 73 were confirmed to have prostate cancer, yielding a 7.0% screen detected prostate cancer prevalence (65 patients), including 5.8% with prostate specific antigen greater than 4.0 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: In this relatively unscreened population in Africa the screen detected prostate cancer prevalence is high, suggesting a possible role of genetics in prostate cancer etiology and the disparity in prostate cancer risk between black and white American men. Further studies are needed to confirm the high prostate cancer burden in African men and the role of genetics in prostate cancer etiology.
Authors: Laufey T Amundadottir; Patrick Sulem; Julius Gudmundsson; Agnar Helgason; Adam Baker; Bjarni A Agnarsson; Asgeir Sigurdsson; Kristrun R Benediktsdottir; Jean-Baptiste Cazier; Jesus Sainz; Margret Jakobsdottir; Jelena Kostic; Droplaug N Magnusdottir; Shyamali Ghosh; Kari Agnarsson; Birgitta Birgisdottir; Louise Le Roux; Adalheidur Olafsdottir; Thorarinn Blondal; Margret Andresdottir; Olafia Svandis Gretarsdottir; Jon T Bergthorsson; Daniel Gudbjartsson; Arnaldur Gylfason; Gudmar Thorleifsson; Andrei Manolescu; Kristleifur Kristjansson; Gudmundur Geirsson; Helgi Isaksson; Julie Douglas; Jan-Erik Johansson; Katarina Bälter; Fredrik Wiklund; James E Montie; Xiaoying Yu; Brian K Suarez; Carole Ober; Kathleen A Cooney; Henrik Gronberg; William J Catalona; Gudmundur V Einarsson; Rosa B Barkardottir; Jeffrey R Gulcher; Augustine Kong; Unnur Thorsteinsdottir; Kari Stefansson Journal: Nat Genet Date: 2006-05-07 Impact factor: 38.330
Authors: Matthew L Freedman; Christopher A Haiman; Nick Patterson; Gavin J McDonald; Arti Tandon; Alicja Waliszewska; Kathryn Penney; Robert G Steen; Kristin Ardlie; Esther M John; Ingrid Oakley-Girvan; Alice S Whittemore; Kathleen A Cooney; Sue A Ingles; David Altshuler; Brian E Henderson; David Reich Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2006-08-31 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: D Max Parkin; Freddy Sitas; Mike Chirenje; Lara Stein; Raymond Abratt; Henry Wabinga Journal: Lancet Oncol Date: 2008-07 Impact factor: 41.316
Authors: Gerald L Andriole; David L Levin; E David Crawford; Edward P Gelmann; Paul F Pinsky; David Chia; Barnett S Kramer; Douglas Reding; Timothy R Church; Robert L Grubb; Grant Izmirlian; Lawrence R Ragard; Jonathan D Clapp; Philip C Prorok; John K Gohagan Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2005-03-16 Impact factor: 13.506
Authors: P Lichtenstein; N V Holm; P K Verkasalo; A Iliadou; J Kaprio; M Koskenvuo; E Pukkala; A Skytthe; K Hemminki Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2000-07-13 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Gabriel P Haas; Nicolas Barry Delongchamps; Richard F Jones; Vishal Chandan; Angel M Serio; Andrew J Vickers; Mary Jumbelic; Gregory Threatte; Rus Korets; Hans Lilja; Gustavo de la Roza Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2007-09-25 Impact factor: 13.506
Authors: Christopher A Haiman; Gary K Chen; William J Blot; Sara S Strom; Sonja I Berndt; Rick A Kittles; Benjamin A Rybicki; William B Isaacs; Sue A Ingles; Janet L Stanford; W Ryan Diver; John S Witte; Ann W Hsing; Barbara Nemesure; Timothy R Rebbeck; Kathleen A Cooney; Jianfeng Xu; Adam S Kibel; Jennifer J Hu; Esther M John; Serigne M Gueye; Stephen Watya; Lisa B Signorello; Richard B Hayes; Zhaoming Wang; Edward Yeboah; Yao Tettey; Qiuyin Cai; Suzanne Kolb; Elaine A Ostrander; Charnita Zeigler-Johnson; Yuko Yamamura; Christine Neslund-Dudas; Jennifer Haslag-Minoff; William Wu; Venetta Thomas; Glenn O Allen; Adam Murphy; Bao-Li Chang; S Lilly Zheng; M Cristina Leske; Suh-Yuh Wu; Anna M Ray; Anselm J M Hennis; Michael J Thun; John Carpten; Graham Casey; Erin N Carter; Edder R Duarte; Lucy Y Xia; Xin Sheng; Peggy Wan; Loreall C Pooler; Iona Cheng; Kristine R Monroe; Fredrick Schumacher; Loic Le Marchand; Laurence N Kolonel; Stephen J Chanock; David Van Den Berg; Daniel O Stram; Brian E Henderson Journal: Nat Genet Date: 2011-05-22 Impact factor: 38.330
Authors: Timothy R Rebbeck; Susan S Devesa; Bao-Li Chang; Clareann H Bunker; Iona Cheng; Kathleen Cooney; Rosalind Eeles; Pedro Fernandez; Veda N Giri; Serigne M Gueye; Christopher A Haiman; Brian E Henderson; Chris F Heyns; Jennifer J Hu; Sue Ann Ingles; William Isaacs; Mohamed Jalloh; Esther M John; Adam S Kibel; Lacreis R Kidd; Penelope Layne; Robin J Leach; Christine Neslund-Dudas; Michael N Okobia; Elaine A Ostrander; Jong Y Park; Alan L Patrick; Catherine M Phelan; Camille Ragin; Robin A Roberts; Benjamin A Rybicki; Janet L Stanford; Sara Strom; Ian M Thompson; John Witte; Jianfeng Xu; Edward Yeboah; Ann W Hsing; Charnita M Zeigler-Johnson Journal: Prostate Cancer Date: 2013-02-13
Authors: Louise A Brinton; Baffour Awuah; Joe Nat Clegg-Lamptey; Beatrice Wiafe-Addai; Daniel Ansong; Kofi M Nyarko; Seth Wiafe; Joel Yarney; Richard Biritwum; Michelle Brotzman; Andrew A Adjei; Ernest Adjei; Francis Aitpillah; Lawrence Edusei; Florence Dedey; Sarah J Nyante; Joseph Oppong; Ernest Osei-Bonsu; Nicholas Titiloye; Verna Vanderpuye; Emma Brew Abaidoo; Bernard Arhin; Isaac Boakye; Margaret Frempong; Naomi Ohene Oti; Victoria Okyne; Jonine D Figueroa Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2017-03-28 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: Wei Tang; Tiffany A Wallace; Ming Yi; Cristina Magi-Galluzzi; Tiffany H Dorsey; Olusegun O Onabajo; Adeola Obajemu; Symone V Jordan; Christopher A Loffredo; Robert M Stephens; Robert H Silverman; George R Stark; Eric A Klein; Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson; Stefan Ambs Journal: Clin Cancer Res Date: 2018-07-16 Impact factor: 12.531
Authors: E D Yeboah; A W Hsing; S Mante; J E Mensah; M Y Kyei; J Yarney; V Vanderpuye; K Beecham; Y Tettey; R B Biritwum; A A Adjei; R Gyasi; K Asante; K N Ampadu; G O Klufio; S Gepi-Attee; C Owoo; D Kwami; R Pandra; M B Cook Journal: J West Afr Coll Surg Date: 2016 Oct-Dec