Ratul Sarkar1, Sushil K Chaudhary2, Amrita Sharma3, Kirendra K Yadav3, Neelesh K Nema2, Mamello Sekhoacha4, Sanmoy Karmakar1, Fernão C Braga5, Motlalepula Gilbert Matsabisa4, Pulok K Mukherjee1, Tuhinadri Sen6. 1. School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India. 2. School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India. 3. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India. 4. IKS (Health) Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa. 5. Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 6. School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India. Electronic address: tssen@hotmail.com.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Marula (Sclerocarya birrea; family - Anacardiaceae) is an African plant, which enjoys wide socio-economic importance particularly in southern part of Africa. The fruits are consumed as food and also as alcoholic beverage (cream liquor). In different parts of Africa, the decoction of the bark is traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, and various other infectious conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-biofilm properties of the methanol extract of Marula bark (stem bark of Sclerocarya birrea), with a view towards combating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance often associated with bacterial biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The standardized methanol extract was initially tested for its antimicrobial property. The crystal violet assay was used for evaluating anti-biofilm (biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeuginosa) activity. Further in order to study the mechanism of anti-biofilm activity, the same was evaluated for understanding its role on various quorums sensing mediated phenomenon (swarming motility assay, protease and pyoverdin assay) that are known to be associated with the formation of biofilms and pathogenicity. RESULTS: The methanol extract showed no inhibition of bacterial growth up to a concentration of 200 µg/ml. Interestingly, the sample produced anti-biofilm activity (around 75% decrease; 100 µg/ml) at sub-lethal concentration. Further it also significantly reduced the QS mediated swarming motility. The release of various virulent factors (protease and pyoverdin) was found to be lowered when pre-treated with the extract. CONCLUSION: The present study illustrates the anti-biofilm property Sclerocarya birrea. The standardized extract significantly disrupted the quorum sensing mediated production of biofilm formation and also inhibited swarming ability of the cells. The extract displayed a regulatory role on the secretion of protease and pyoverdin, two QS dependent pathogenic factors found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study also validates the ethnobotanical use of Marula.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Marula (Sclerocarya birrea; family - Anacardiaceae) is an African plant, which enjoys wide socio-economic importance particularly in southern part of Africa. The fruits are consumed as food and also as alcoholic beverage (cream liquor). In different parts of Africa, the decoction of the bark is traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, and various other infectious conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-biofilm properties of the methanol extract of Marula bark (stem bark of Sclerocarya birrea), with a view towards combating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance often associated with bacterial biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The standardized methanol extract was initially tested for its antimicrobial property. The crystal violet assay was used for evaluating anti-biofilm (biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeuginosa) activity. Further in order to study the mechanism of anti-biofilm activity, the same was evaluated for understanding its role on various quorums sensing mediated phenomenon (swarming motility assay, protease and pyoverdin assay) that are known to be associated with the formation of biofilms and pathogenicity. RESULTS: The methanol extract showed no inhibition of bacterial growth up to a concentration of 200 µg/ml. Interestingly, the sample produced anti-biofilm activity (around 75% decrease; 100 µg/ml) at sub-lethal concentration. Further it also significantly reduced the QS mediated swarming motility. The release of various virulent factors (protease and pyoverdin) was found to be lowered when pre-treated with the extract. CONCLUSION: The present study illustrates the anti-biofilm property Sclerocarya birrea. The standardized extract significantly disrupted the quorum sensing mediated production of biofilm formation and also inhibited swarming ability of the cells. The extract displayed a regulatory role on the secretion of protease and pyoverdin, two QS dependent pathogenic factors found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study also validates the ethnobotanical use of Marula.
Authors: Fohad M Husain; Iqbal Ahmad; Mohammad S Khan; Ejaz Ahmad; Qudisa Tahseen; Mohd Shahnawaz Khan; Nasser A Alshabib Journal: Front Microbiol Date: 2015-05-13 Impact factor: 5.640
Authors: Hanan M Al-Yousef; Atallah F Ahmed; Nasser A Al-Shabib; Sameen Laeeq; Rais A Khan; Md T Rehman; Ali Alsalme; Mohamed F Al-Ajmi; Mohammad S Khan; Fohad M Husain Journal: Front Microbiol Date: 2017-09-05 Impact factor: 5.640
Authors: Fohad M Husain; Iqbal Ahmad; Abdullah S Al-Thubiani; Hussein H Abulreesh; Ibrahim M AlHazza; Farrukh Aqil Journal: Front Microbiol Date: 2017-04-24 Impact factor: 5.640
Authors: Ahdab N Khayyat; Wael A H Hegazy; Moataz A Shaldam; Rasha Mosbah; Ahmad J Almalki; Tarek S Ibrahim; Maan T Khayat; El-Sayed Khafagy; Wafaa E Soliman; Hisham A Abbas Journal: Microorganisms Date: 2021-05-18