Growth factor conjugation: strategies and applications.

Growth factors, first known for their essential role in the initiation of mitosis, are required for a variety of cellular processes and their localized delivery is considered as a rational approach in their therapeutic application to assure a safe and effective treatment while avoiding unwanted adverse effects. Noncovalent immobilization of growth factors as well as their covalent conjugation is amongst the most common strategies for localized delivery of growth factors. Today, immobilized and covalently conjugated growth factors are considered as a promising drug design and are widely used for protein reformulation and material design to cover the unwanted characteristics of growth factors as well as improving their functions. Selection of a suitable conjugation technique depends on the substrate chemistry and the availability of functional reactive groups in the structure of growth factor, the position of reactive groups in growth factor molecules and its relation with the receptor binding area, and the intention of creating either patterned or unpatterned conjugation. Various approaches for growth factor reformulation have been reported. This review provides an overview on chemical conjugation of growth factors and covers the relevant studies accomplished for bioconjugation of growth factors and their related application.