Responses of soil microbial community to different concentration of fomesafen.

Fomesafen degrades slowly in soils and has been linked to crop damage. However, the effect of its residues on soil microbial communities is unknown. The goal of this work was to assess the effect of applying three different doses of fomesafen on microbial community structure and functional diversity as measured by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) levels, community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) and real-time PCR. Our results indicate that applying 100 times the recommended dose of fomesafen (T100) adversely affects soil microbial activity and stresses soil microbial communities as reflected by the reduced respiratory quotient (qCO2, QR). The PLFA analysis showed that high levels of fomesafen treatment (T100) decreased the total amount of PLFAs and both bacterial (both Gram-positive (GP) bacteria and Gram-negative (GN) bacteria) and fungal biomass but increased the microbial stress level. However, the BIOLOG results are not consistent with our other results. The addition of fomesafen significantly increased the average well color development, substrate utilization, and the functional diversity index (H'). Additionally, the abundance of the nifH (N2-fixing bacteria) gene was reduced in the presence of high concentrations of fomesafen (T100). Taken together, these results suggest that the addition of fomesafen can alter the microbial community structure and functional diversity of the soil, and these parameters do not recover even after a 90-day incubation period.