Real-time analysis of the effects of toxic, therapeutic and sub-therapeutic concentrations of digitoxin on lung cancer cells.

Digitoxin belongs to a naturally occurring class of cardiac glycosides (CG); digitoxin is clinically approved for heart failure and known for its anti-cancer effects against non-small lung cancer cells (NSCLC). However, concerns associated with its narrow therapeutic index and its concentration-dependent mechanism of action are rising. Thus, before digitoxin implementation in designing and developing safer and more effective CG-based anti-cancer therapies, its pharmacological and safety profiles need to be fully elucidated. In this research we used a combinatorial approach to evaluate the anti-cancer mechanisms of digitoxin in real-time. Our approach employed a non-invasive electric cell impedance sensing technique as a proxy to monitor NSCLC behavior post-exposure to toxic, therapeutic and sub-therapeutic concentrations of the drug. By developing structure-function combinatorial relations we showed that digitoxin targets cancer cells in a time and dose-dependant manner by activating pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative signaling cascades that results in strengthening cellular adhesion and sequestration of key regulatory proliferation protein from the nucleus.