Structure, composition, and strength of nitrifying membrane-aerated biofilms.

Membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs) are a novel technology based on the growth of biofilms on oxygen-permeable membranes. Hereby, MABRs combine all the advantages of biofilm growth with a more flexible and efficient control of the oxygen load. In the present work, MABR flow cells were operated to achieve full nitrification. MABR biofilms had a significantly different structure than co-diffusion biofilms reported in the literature. Different levels of shear stress and oxygen loading during MABR operation also affected the biofilm parameters. Furthermore, reactor operation at higher oxygen loads resulted in an increased biofilm cohesiveness, which depended on the EPS mass in the biofilms and the type of stress applied (more cohesive against normal than shear stresses). The EPS in the strongest biofilms had a higher content of proteins and a lower level of carbohydrates. Staining analyses revealed that the outermost EPS in the stronger biofilm regions was of hydrophilic nature and distributed around dense microbial aggregates, whereas it was homogeneously distributed in the weaker strata. Overall, the obtained results provide input parameters to future modelling efforts and operating conditions to support more robust autotrophic N conversions in MABRs.