Andrew Hillier1, David H Lloyd2, J Scott Weese3, Joseph M Blondeau4, Dawn Boothe5, Edward Breitschwerdt6, Luca Guardabassi7, Mark G Papich6, Shelley Rankin8, John D Turnidge9, Jane E Sykes10. 1. College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. 2. Royal Veterinary College, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK. 3. Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1. 4. College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, S7N 0W8. 5. College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. 6. College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA. 7. Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 8. University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. 9. Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia. 10. University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and routinely treated with systemic antimicrobial agents. Infection is a consequence of reduced immunity associated with alterations of the skin barrier and underlying diseases that may be difficult to diagnose and resolve; thus, SBF is frequently recurrent and repeated treatment is necessary. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria, particularly meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), has focused attention on the need for optimal management of SBF. OBJECTIVES: Provision of an internationally available resource guiding practitioners in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SBF. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUIDELINES: The guidelines were developed by the Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases, with consultation and advice from diplomates of the American and European Colleges of Veterinary Dermatology. They describe optimal methods for the diagnosis and management of SBF, including isolation of the causative organism, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, selection of antimicrobial drugs, therapeutic protocols and advice on infection control. Guidance is given for topical and systemic modalities, including approaches suitable for MRSP. Systemic drugs are classified in three tiers. Tier one drugs are used when diagnosis is clear cut and risk factors for antimicrobial drug resistance are not present. Otherwise, tier two drugs are used and antimicrobial susceptibility tests are mandatory. Tier three includes drugs reserved for highly resistant infections; their use is strongly discouraged and, when necessary, they should be used in consultation with specialists. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Optimal management of SBF will improve antimicrobial use and reduce selection of MRSP and other multidrug-resistant bacteria affecting animal and human health.
BACKGROUND: Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and routinely treated with systemic antimicrobial agents. Infection is a consequence of reduced immunity associated with alterations of the skin barrier and underlying diseases that may be difficult to diagnose and resolve; thus, SBF is frequently recurrent and repeated treatment is necessary. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria, particularly meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), has focused attention on the need for optimal management of SBF. OBJECTIVES: Provision of an internationally available resource guiding practitioners in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SBF. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUIDELINES: The guidelines were developed by the Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases, with consultation and advice from diplomates of the American and European Colleges of Veterinary Dermatology. They describe optimal methods for the diagnosis and management of SBF, including isolation of the causative organism, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, selection of antimicrobial drugs, therapeutic protocols and advice on infection control. Guidance is given for topical and systemic modalities, including approaches suitable for MRSP. Systemic drugs are classified in three tiers. Tier one drugs are used when diagnosis is clear cut and risk factors for antimicrobial drug resistance are not present. Otherwise, tier two drugs are used and antimicrobial susceptibility tests are mandatory. Tier three includes drugs reserved for highly resistant infections; their use is strongly discouraged and, when necessary, they should be used in consultation with specialists. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Optimal management of SBF will improve antimicrobial use and reduce selection of MRSP and other multidrug-resistant bacteria affecting animal and human health.
Authors: Daniel Joffe; Fiona Goulding; Ken Langelier; Gabor Magyar; Les McCurdy; Moe Milstein; Kia Nielsen; Stephanie Villemaire Journal: Can Vet J Date: 2015-10 Impact factor: 1.008
Authors: Robert Goggs; Julie M Menard; Craig Altier; Kevin J Cummings; Megan E Jacob; Denise F Lalonde-Paul; Mark G Papich; Keri N Norman; Virginia R Fajt; H Morgan Scott; Sara D Lawhon Journal: J Vet Intern Med Date: 2021-05-04 Impact factor: 3.333