Sonja Binder1, Karolin Berg1, Fernando Gasca2, Belen Lafon3, Lucas C Parra3, Jan Born4, Lisa Marshall5. 1. University of Lübeck, Department of Neuroendocrinology, Lübeck, Germany. 2. University of Lübeck, Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences, Lübeck, Germany; University of Lübeck, Institute for Robotics and Cognitive Systems, Lübeck, Germany. 3. The City College of The City University of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, USA. 4. University of Lübeck, Department of Neuroendocrinology, Lübeck, Germany; University of Tübingen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Tübingen, Germany. 5. University of Lübeck, Department of Neuroendocrinology, Lübeck, Germany; University of Lübeck, Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences, Lübeck, Germany. Electronic address: marshall@uni-luebeck.de.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS), hallmarked by the occurrence of sleep slow oscillations (SO), for the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories has been shown in numerous studies. Previously, the application of transcranial direct current stimulation, oscillating at the frequency of endogenous slow oscillations, during SWS enhanced memory consolidation for a hippocampus dependent task in humans suggesting a causal role of slowly oscillating electric fields for sleep dependent memory consolidation. OBJECTIVE: Here, we aimed to replicate and extend these findings to a rodent model. METHODS: Slow oscillatory direct transcranial current stimulation (SO-tDCS) was applied over the frontal cortex of rats during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and its effects on memory consolidation in the one-trial object-place recognition task were examined. A retention interval of 24 h was used to investigate the effects of SO-tDCS on long-term memory. RESULTS: Animals' preference for the displaced object was significantly greater than chance only when animals received SO-tDCS. EEG spectral power indicated a trend toward a transient enhancement of endogenous SO activity in the SO-tDCS condition. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that slowly oscillating electric fields causal affect sleep dependent memory consolidation, and demonstrate that oscillatory tDCS can be a valuable tool to investigate the function of endogenous cortical network activity.
BACKGROUND: The importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS), hallmarked by the occurrence of sleep slow oscillations (SO), for the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories has been shown in numerous studies. Previously, the application of transcranial direct current stimulation, oscillating at the frequency of endogenous slow oscillations, during SWS enhanced memory consolidation for a hippocampus dependent task in humans suggesting a causal role of slowly oscillating electric fields for sleep dependent memory consolidation. OBJECTIVE: Here, we aimed to replicate and extend these findings to a rodent model. METHODS: Slow oscillatory direct transcranial current stimulation (SO-tDCS) was applied over the frontal cortex of rats during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and its effects on memory consolidation in the one-trial object-place recognition task were examined. A retention interval of 24 h was used to investigate the effects of SO-tDCS on long-term memory. RESULTS: Animals' preference for the displaced object was significantly greater than chance only when animals received SO-tDCS. EEG spectral power indicated a trend toward a transient enhancement of endogenous SO activity in the SO-tDCS condition. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that slowly oscillating electric fields causal affect sleep dependent memory consolidation, and demonstrate that oscillatory tDCS can be a valuable tool to investigate the function of endogenous cortical network activity.
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