Anu Ruusunen1, Soili M Lehto2, Jaakko Mursu3, Tommi Tolmunen4, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen3, Jussi Kauhanen3, Sari Voutilainen3. 1. University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: anu.ruusunen@uef.fi. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. 3. University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Previous studies assessing the role of dietary factors in depression have mainly focused on nutrients, while the association between dietary patterns and depression is less studied. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the role of dietary patterns in depression in both cross-sectional and prospective analyses. DESIGN: The study population consisted of 1003 Finnish middle-aged or older men from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Food consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in 1991-1993 and dietary patterns from 25 predefined food groups were extracted by factor analysis. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the self-administered Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale, cut-off point of five or more indicating elevated depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Altogether 72 (7.2%) subjects had elevated depressive symptoms. Three dietary patterns were identified: "prudent", "Western" and "mixed". In cross-sectional analysis, after adjustments for age, examination year, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, marital status, leisure-time physical activity, history of mental illness and cardiovascular disease the prudent dietary pattern was associated with a 25% lower prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.99; P=0.036), whereas the Western dietary pattern was associated with increased prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.84; P=0.011). In the prospective analysis (16.5 follow-up years), the prudent dietary pattern was inversely associated with the risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression (HR: 0.66; 95% CI 0.47, 0.93; P=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to healthy dietary pattern is associated with lower risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies assessing the role of dietary factors in depression have mainly focused on nutrients, while the association between dietary patterns and depression is less studied. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the role of dietary patterns in depression in both cross-sectional and prospective analyses. DESIGN: The study population consisted of 1003 Finnish middle-aged or older men from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Food consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in 1991-1993 and dietary patterns from 25 predefined food groups were extracted by factor analysis. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the self-administered Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale, cut-off point of five or more indicating elevated depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Altogether 72 (7.2%) subjects had elevated depressive symptoms. Three dietary patterns were identified: "prudent", "Western" and "mixed". In cross-sectional analysis, after adjustments for age, examination year, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, marital status, leisure-time physical activity, history of mental illness and cardiovascular disease the prudent dietary pattern was associated with a 25% lower prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.99; P=0.036), whereas the Western dietary pattern was associated with increased prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.84; P=0.011). In the prospective analysis (16.5 follow-up years), the prudent dietary pattern was inversely associated with the risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression (HR: 0.66; 95% CI 0.47, 0.93; P=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to healthy dietary pattern is associated with lower risk of getting a hospital discharge diagnosis of depression.
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