Siyang Zhang1, Chunyan Li1, Jian Gao1, Xueshan Qiu2, Zeshi Cui1. 1. Center of Laboratory Technology and Experimental Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. 2. Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lung cancer is a common malignant tumor all over the world, and Ca(2+) is a critical regulator for apoptosis of cancer cells. The monitoring of cytoplastic Ca(2+) level in real-time will contribute to further investigate the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis mediated by Ca2+ in lung cancer cells. To evaluate the Ca(2+) indicator fluo-3 and fluo-4 in the process of H2O2 induced the apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The cytoplastic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) was determined in real-time, and the correlations between [Ca(2+)]i and cell apoptosis were investigated. The differences in fluorescence intensity and measured value were compared between the two Ca(2+) indicators. METHODS: Cells were loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator fluo-3 or fluo-4 for 1 h, and then stimulated with 50 mM H2O2. Laser scanning confocal microscope was applied to perform real-time monitoring on the variation of [Ca(2+)]i in selected cells. DAPI staining was used to observe apoptosis in H2O2 treated cells. RESULTS: Our results showed that the fluorescence intensity of fluo-4 was stronger than that of fluo-3 in the same condition of dye concentration, loading time and image acquisition parameters before or after H2O2 stimulation. The cytoplastic [Ca(2+)]i was rapidly elevated in H2O2 stimulated A549 cells. The range of [Ca(2+)]i in selected cells loaded with fluo-3 was 112.2 nM-1,069.6 nM, and that in selected cells loaded with fluo-4 was 7.6 nM-505.4 nM. Moreover, the apoptotic rate was significantly increased in H2O2 treated cells, compared with untreated ones (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In summary, H2O2 promoted Ca(2+) release in A549 cells, and induced cell apoptosis. Ca(2+) indicator fluo-4 was probably more applicable to measure [Ca(2+)]i in cells with less content of Ca(2+).
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Lung cancer is a common malignant tumor all over the world, and Ca(2+) is a critical regulator for apoptosis of cancer cells. The monitoring of cytoplastic Ca(2+) level in real-time will contribute to further investigate the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis mediated by Ca2+ in lung cancer cells. To evaluate the Ca(2+) indicator fluo-3 and fluo-4 in the process of H2O2 induced the apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The cytoplastic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) was determined in real-time, and the correlations between [Ca(2+)]i and cell apoptosis were investigated. The differences in fluorescence intensity and measured value were compared between the two Ca(2+) indicators. METHODS: Cells were loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator fluo-3 or fluo-4 for 1 h, and then stimulated with 50 mM H2O2. Laser scanning confocal microscope was applied to perform real-time monitoring on the variation of [Ca(2+)]i in selected cells. DAPI staining was used to observe apoptosis in H2O2 treated cells. RESULTS: Our results showed that the fluorescence intensity of fluo-4 was stronger than that of fluo-3 in the same condition of dye concentration, loading time and image acquisition parameters before or after H2O2 stimulation. The cytoplastic [Ca(2+)]i was rapidly elevated in H2O2 stimulated A549 cells. The range of [Ca(2+)]i in selected cells loaded with fluo-3 was 112.2 nM-1,069.6 nM, and that in selected cells loaded with fluo-4 was 7.6 nM-505.4 nM. Moreover, the apoptotic rate was significantly increased in H2O2 treated cells, compared with untreated ones (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In summary, H2O2 promoted Ca(2+) release in A549 cells, and induced cell apoptosis. Ca(2+) indicator fluo-4 was probably more applicable to measure [Ca(2+)]i in cells with less content of Ca(2+).
The comparison of fluorescence intensity in cells loaded with fluo-3 or fluo-4 before H2O2 stimulation. 66 mm×58 mm (300×300 DPI).
H2O2刺激前,负载fluo-3或fluo-4的细胞荧光强度比较。66 mm×58 mm(300×300 DPI)。The comparison of fluorescence intensity in cells loaded with fluo-3 or fluo-4 before H2O2 stimulation. 66 mm×58 mm (300×300 DPI).
H2O2处理的细胞[Ca2+]i变化
在5 mM或10 mM H2O2作用下,fluo-3和fluo-4荧光强度均无明显变化(结果未显示)。加入50 mM H2O2后,细胞荧光强度逐渐增强(图 2),观察至40 min左右时,荧光强度曲线稳定不再变化(图 3)。在实时观察[Ca2+]i变化过程中,荧光探针fluo-3和fluo-4均未出现光漂白现象。观察结束时,fluo-3荧光强度增加至3.0倍,fluo-4荧光强度增加至2.6倍。H2O2刺激前,fluo-4荧光强度约是fluo-3荧光强度的2.0倍,而H2O2刺激后fluo-4荧光强度约是fluo-3荧光强度的1.8倍(表 1)。通过公式计算发现采用fluo-3探针负载的选定细胞中[Ca2+]i变化范围是112.2 nM-1, 069.6 nM,采用fluo-4探针负载的选定细胞中[Ca2+]i变化范围是7.6 nM-505.4 nM。
The real-time observation of the fluorescence intensity in selected cells loaded with fluo-3 or fluo-4 after H2O2 stimulation. 141 mm×305 mm (300×300 DPI).
1
H2O2刺激前后,选定细胞中fluo-3和fluo-4的平均荧光强度值
The mean value of fluorescence intensity in selected cells loaded with fluo-3 or fluo-4 before and after H2O2 treatment
Fluo-3
Fluo-4
Mean fluorescence intensity
Standard deviation
Mean fluorescence intensity
Standard deviation
Before stimulation
290.42
151.34
594.71
261.41
After stimulation
867.32
415.66
1558.48
437.54
H2O2刺激后,选定细胞的fluo-3或fluo-4荧光强度变化曲线。145 mm×50 mm(300×300 DPI)。The fluorescence intensity curve of selected cells loaded with fluo-3 or fluo-4 after H2O2 stimulation. 145 mm×50 mm (300×300 DPI).H2O2刺激后,实时观察细胞中fluo-3和fluo-4荧光强度变化。141 mm×305 mm(300×300 DPI)。The real-time observation of the fluorescence intensity in selected cells loaded with fluo-3 or fluo-4 after H2O2 stimulation. 141 mm×305 mm (300×300 DPI).
H2O2诱导细胞凋亡
细胞经H2O2刺激后固定,DAPI染色后发现,凋亡细胞呈现核固缩且染色加深,核染色质聚集于核膜一边,或核碎裂成大小不等的圆形小体(图 4B),而对照组细胞核形态规则、染色均匀,呈蓝白色荧光(图 4A)。结果显示与对照组细胞相比,H2O2处理的细胞凋亡率明显增加(12.2%±2.3% vs 33.4%±3.2%),有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。
H2O2 promoted the apoptosis of A549 cells. H2O2: cells without H2O2 treatment; B: karyopyknosis (→), chromatic condensation (△) and nuclear fragmentation (☆) were observed in H2O2 treated cells. 65 mm×32 mm (300×300 DPI).
H2O2促进A549细胞凋亡。A:未经H2O2处理的细胞;B: H2O2处理的细胞,可见核固缩(→)、染色质边集(△)以及核碎裂(☆)。65 mm×32 mm(300×300 DPI)。H2O2 promoted the apoptosis of A549 cells. H2O2: cells without H2O2 treatment; B: karyopyknosis (→), chromatic condensation (△) and nuclear fragmentation (☆) were observed in H2O2 treated cells. 65 mm×32 mm (300×300 DPI).
讨论
本研究在对Ca2+信号实时观察的过程中发现,较高浓度的H2O2(50 mM)诱导细胞内[Ca2+]i迅速升高。由于细胞外液不含有Ca2+,因此[Ca2+]i升高可能是由于细胞的氧化应激反应,导致细胞内钙库(如内质网)释放造成的。有研究[表明,H2O2诱导细胞凋亡与钙超载密切相关,氧化应激诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制非常复杂,涉及很多信号转导通路,包括经典的线粒体途径[和死亡受体途径[,以及机制仍不太明确的内质网途径[。近年来,对内质网凋亡途径的研究发现,内质网应激导致的非折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)扮演着重要角色。研究[显示,细胞的氧化应激损伤,导致内质网释放大量Ca2+,同时伴有内质网应激,引发UPR,用于ER正常功能的重建。如果细胞内Ca2+浓度持续升高,内质网应激持续时间较长或非常严重,将激活依赖Ca2+的激酶和磷酸酶[,如calpain、caspase-12和caspase-3级联反应,最终导致细胞凋亡[。本研究发现,肺癌细胞A549在较高浓度的H2O2作用下,细胞内Ca2+浓度明显升高,同时发现细胞短时间内即发生凋亡,推测可能与内质网应激有关,calpains或caspases信号通路是否被Ca2+激活导致细胞凋亡,还有待于进一步深入研究。本研究中,可能由于肿瘤细胞的生理Ca2+含量较低,或实时观察时间有限,预实验时使用较低浓度的H2O2时(5 mM, 10 mM)时,没有观察到明显的[Ca2+]i变化,因此我们采用较高浓度的H2O2刺激细胞,低浓度H2O2对A549细胞其他生物学行为的影响还有待于进一步研究。H2O2刺激前后,选定细胞中fluo-3和fluo-4的平均荧光强度值The mean value of fluorescence intensity in selected cells loaded with fluo-3 or fluo-4 before and after H2O2 treatmentFluo-3和fluo-4是目前实验室中常用的Ca2+荧光染料,与Ca2+特异性结合后荧光强度明显增加。本研究对fluo-3和fluo-4在H2O2诱导的A549细胞凋亡过程中监测[Ca2+]i变化的应用情况进行了比较。结果发现,在相同的负载浓度、孵育时间、细胞密度、刺激因素和图像采集条件下,fluo-4的荧光强度更强,大约是fluo-3的2倍左右,这提示我们当细胞内Ca2+信号较强时,用fluo-3或fluo-4都可以观察到明显的荧光强度的变化,但如果细胞内Ca2+信号较弱时,使用fluo-4探针可能更具优势。细胞经H2O2处理后,fluo-3荧光强度的变化范围大于fluo-4,可能由于荧光探针的Kd值不同,具有较大Kd值的fluo-3与Ca2+的亲和力较低,适合于检测较宽范围的[Ca2+]i变化。我们还发现,采用荧光探针fluo-3或fluo-4,通过公式计算测定的细胞内[Ca2+]i变化范围不是很一致,可能与选择的细胞有关,不同的细胞对H2O2刺激的反应不同,再多重复几次实验,可能会得到比较一致的结果。Fluo-3和fluo-4进入细胞的方式均为酯负载法。Fluo-3和fluo-4与具有细胞膜通透性的乙酰甲酯(AM)相连形成Fluo-3 AM和fluo-4 AM复合物,穿过细胞膜后在细胞内被非特异性酯酶水解生成相应的Ca2+荧光探针,与Ca2+结合检测细胞内[Ca2+]i变化。我们在实验过程中发现,含血清的培养基会影响fluo-3和fluo-4的负载,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察荧光非常微弱,采集不到良好的荧光信号,这可能是由于含血清的培养基能阻止荧光染料进入细胞。使用标准的无钙细胞外液,由于没有血清和培养液的营养支持,对细胞状态和活性的影响较大,细胞可能在观察过程中逐渐皱缩、脱壁或凋亡,不能对细胞进行长时间检测。近几年还出现了荧光强度更强、检测范围更宽、更灵敏的Ca2+荧光染料,如fluo-5F、fluo-5N、fluo-4FF,均为fluo-4的类似物,但与Ca2+结合的亲和力较低,更适合于检测1 μM-1 mM范围内的Ca2+水平变化。Fluo-3和fluo-4测定的Ca2+饱和浓度为≥5 μM,当[Ca2+]i升高超过5 μM时,即使有更多的Ca2+出现在细胞中,fluo-3和fluo-4也检测不到,而fluo-5F、fluo-5N、fluo-4FF测定的Ca2+饱和浓度为≥1 mM,这些新的Ca2+探针可以检测到更多的Ca2+,在检测高水平的Ca2+信号时更具优势。Fluo-5F、fluo-4FF的Kd值分别为2.3 μM和9.7 μM,而fluo-5N的Kd值高达90 μM,适合检测更高浓度的Ca2+变化[。研究表明应根据细胞内[Ca2+]i的变化水平选择合适的Ca2+荧光探针,当待测Ca2+浓度在荧光染料Kd值的0.1倍-10倍范围之内时其荧光强度与[Ca2+]i呈良好的线性关系,检测结果最准确。Fluo-3和fluo-4及其类似物均为化学合成的Ca2+荧光染料,与Ca2+有较高的亲和力,通过负载方式很容易进入细胞,但不能在亚细胞水平精确定位,而且可能出现光漂白现象,长时间观察时对细胞活性有影响。除了Ca2+荧光染料,近年来还出现了水母发光蛋白和Cameleon等[基于生物发光的Ca2+荧光蛋白探针,需要通过基因转染方式进入细胞,与细胞器特异性基因连接表达重组蛋白,可实现精确的亚细胞定位,长时间观察其荧光强度稳定不会淬灭。目前我们已应用Ca2+荧光蛋白Cameleon YC3.6对H2O2刺激后A549细胞中[Ca2+]i进行了测定[,但在比较化学合成的Ca2+荧光探针或Ca2+荧光蛋白这两种不同的检测方法方面,还有待于进一步研究。我们应根据实验目的、细胞种类、刺激因素以及检测条件选择合适的Ca2+荧光探针,以帮助我们深入研究不同刺激条件下肿瘤细胞内[Ca2+]i变化,Ca2+信号转导的相关分子机制,以及对肿瘤细胞生物学行为的影响。
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