Simplified system to investigate alteration of retinal neurons in diabetes.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is traditionally considered as a microvascular complication in diabetic retinas. Emerging evidences suggest that the alteration of neuronal function and the death of retinal neurons are part of DR pathology. However, surprisingly little is known about how retinal neurons behave in DR. As diabetic animals are chronicle models that are difficult and expensive to maintain, we used a chemical hypoxia model that mimics the later stage of diabetes and investigated its potential in predicting retinal cell behaviors in diabetes in an efficient manner. In this chapter, we discuss the similarities and differences between diabetic and hypoxic models and the usefulness and limitation of the cobalt-chloride-generated hypoxia system in mice for studying retinal neurobiology in diabetes.