Nano-designed enzyme-functionalized hierarchical metal-oxide mesoporous thin films: en route to versatile biofuel cells.

A versatile bioelectronic system is presented, based on Ag nanoparticle assemblies embedded into hierarchically mesoporous titania thin films on which electroactive enzymes are simply immobilized by a fast adsorption process. This strategy enables straightforward, cost effective, high-performance, thin-film enzymatic fuel cell technology with foreseeable applications in self-powered microfluidic and electronic devices.