Claudio Babiloni1, Paola Buffo2, Fabrizio Vecchio3, Paolo Onorati4, Chiara Muratori3, Stefano Ferracuti5, Paolo Roma5, Michele Battuello5, Nicole Donato5, Giuseppe Noce2, Francesco Di Campli6, Laura Gianserra7, Elisabetta Teti7, Antonio Aceti7, Andrea Soricelli8, Magdalena Viscione9, Massimo Andreoni9, Paolo M Rossini10, Alfredo Pennica7. 1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: claudio.babiloni@uniroma1.it. 2. IRCCS SDN Foundation, Naples, Italy. 3. IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy. 4. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy. 5. Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. 6. Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; ViiV Healthcare, Italy. 7. Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. 8. IRCCS SDN Foundation, Naples, Italy; Department of Studies of Institutions and Territorial Systems, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy. 9. Clinical Infectious Diseases, "Tor Vergata" University, Rome, Italy. 10. IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience & Orthopedics, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", Rome, Italy.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Treatment-naïve patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are characterized by diffuse abnormalities of resting-state cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms (Babiloni et al., 2012a). Here, we tested the hypothesis that these EEG rhythms vary as a function of the systemic immune activity and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV patients. METHODS: Resting-state eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 68 ART-HIV patients (mini mental state evaluation (MMSE) of 27.5 ± 0.3 SEM), in 60 treatment-naïve HIV subjects (MMSE of 27.5 ± 0.4 SEM) and in 75 age-matched cognitively normal subjects (MMSE of 29.3 ± 0.1 SEM). Based on the CD4 lymphocytes' count, we divided ART-HIV subjects into two subgroups: those with CD4>500 cells/μl (ART-HIV+) and those with CD4<500 cells/μl (ART-HIV-). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-12 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). Cortical EEG sources were estimated by LORETA software. RESULTS: Widespread theta, alpha, and beta sources were lower in ART-HIV subjects than in control subjects. Furthermore, occipital and temporal alpha 1 sources were lower in treatment-naïve HIV than in ART-HIV subjects. Moreover, the opposite was true for widespread pathological delta sources. Finally, parietal, occipital, and temporal alpha 1 sources were lower in ART-HIV- than in ART-HIV+ subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In ART-HIV subjects, cortical sources of resting-state alpha rhythms are related to systemic immune activity and cART. SIGNIFICANCE: This EEG procedure may produce biomarkers of treatment response in patients' brain compartments for longitudinal clinical studies.
OBJECTIVE: Treatment-naïve patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are characterized by diffuse abnormalities of resting-state cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms (Babiloni et al., 2012a). Here, we tested the hypothesis that these EEG rhythms vary as a function of the systemic immune activity and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIVpatients. METHODS: Resting-state eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 68 ART-HIVpatients (mini mental state evaluation (MMSE) of 27.5 ± 0.3 SEM), in 60 treatment-naïve HIV subjects (MMSE of 27.5 ± 0.4 SEM) and in 75 age-matched cognitively normal subjects (MMSE of 29.3 ± 0.1 SEM). Based on the CD4 lymphocytes' count, we divided ART-HIV subjects into two subgroups: those with CD4>500 cells/μl (ART-HIV+) and those with CD4<500 cells/μl (ART-HIV-). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-12 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). Cortical EEG sources were estimated by LORETA software. RESULTS: Widespread theta, alpha, and beta sources were lower in ART-HIV subjects than in control subjects. Furthermore, occipital and temporal alpha 1 sources were lower in treatment-naïve HIV than in ART-HIV subjects. Moreover, the opposite was true for widespread pathological delta sources. Finally, parietal, occipital, and temporal alpha 1 sources were lower in ART-HIV- than in ART-HIV+ subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In ART-HIV subjects, cortical sources of resting-state alpha rhythms are related to systemic immune activity and cART. SIGNIFICANCE: This EEG procedure may produce biomarkers of treatment response in patients' brain compartments for longitudinal clinical studies.
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