Pamela Ghosh1, Anand Vaidya, Rupam Sahoo, Allison Goldfine, Neil Herring, Lynn Bry, Michael Chorev, Jose A Halperin. 1. Division of Hematology (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), Department of Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Crimson Biospecimen Core (N.H., L.B.), Partners Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Joslin Diabetes Center (A.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Human CD59, an inhibitor of the membrane attack complex of complement, is inactivated by glycation. Glycation inactivation of CD59 enhances complement-mediated injury in target organs of diabetes complications. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that circulating soluble glycated CD59 (GCD59) represents a novel biomarker of blood glucose handling and aimed to conduct human study protocols to test this hypothesis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Using a newly developed ELISA, we measured circulating soluble GCD59 in samples from 3 separate human studies evaluating acute and chronic glucose handling and glucose responses to insulin therapy. Study 1 (normal vs diabetic subjects) evaluated the cross-sectional association between GCD59 and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in 400 subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Study 2 (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] in nondiabetics) evaluated whether fasting GCD59 independently predicted the 2-hour glucose response to an OGTT in 109 subjects without a diagnosis of diabetes. Study 3 (intensified insulin treatment) evaluated the effect of intensification of glycemic control with insulin on GCD59 in 21 poorly controlled individuals with diabetes. RESULTS: In study 1 (normal vs diabetic subjects), GCD59 was independently and positively associated with HbA1c in individuals with and without diabetes (β = 1.1, P < .0001 and β = 1.1 P < .001, respectively). In study 2 (OGTT in nondiabetics), a single GCD59 measurement independently predicted the results of the 2-hour OGTT (β = 19.8, P < .05) after multivariate modeling. In study 3 (intensified insulin treatment), intensification of glucose control with insulin resulted in a concomitant and parallel reduction of average weekly glucose and GCD59 within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: We observed robust relationships between a single measurement of blood levels of GCD59 and both acute (2-hour OGTT) and chronic (HbA1c) measures of glucose handling. Lowering of GCD59 levels closely reflected lowering of average weekly glucose within 2 weeks. The role of GCD59 in the diagnosis, management, and vascular risk stratification in diabetes warrants further investigation.
CONTEXT: HumanCD59, an inhibitor of the membrane attack complex of complement, is inactivated by glycation. Glycation inactivation of CD59 enhances complement-mediated injury in target organs of diabetes complications. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that circulating soluble glycated CD59 (GCD59) represents a novel biomarker of blood glucose handling and aimed to conduct human study protocols to test this hypothesis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Using a newly developed ELISA, we measured circulating soluble GCD59 in samples from 3 separate human studies evaluating acute and chronic glucose handling and glucose responses to insulin therapy. Study 1 (normal vs diabetic subjects) evaluated the cross-sectional association between GCD59 and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in 400 subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Study 2 (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] in nondiabetics) evaluated whether fasting GCD59 independently predicted the 2-hour glucose response to an OGTT in 109 subjects without a diagnosis of diabetes. Study 3 (intensified insulin treatment) evaluated the effect of intensification of glycemic control with insulin on GCD59 in 21 poorly controlled individuals with diabetes. RESULTS: In study 1 (normal vs diabetic subjects), GCD59 was independently and positively associated with HbA1c in individuals with and without diabetes (β = 1.1, P < .0001 and β = 1.1 P < .001, respectively). In study 2 (OGTT in nondiabetics), a single GCD59 measurement independently predicted the results of the 2-hour OGTT (β = 19.8, P < .05) after multivariate modeling. In study 3 (intensified insulin treatment), intensification of glucose control with insulin resulted in a concomitant and parallel reduction of average weekly glucose and GCD59 within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: We observed robust relationships between a single measurement of blood levels of GCD59 and both acute (2-hour OGTT) and chronic (HbA1c) measures of glucose handling. Lowering of GCD59 levels closely reflected lowering of average weekly glucose within 2 weeks. The role of GCD59 in the diagnosis, management, and vascular risk stratification in diabetes warrants further investigation.
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