Contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging of renal vessels.

In the evaluation of renal vessels, the accepted diagnostic gold standard digital subtraction angiography is now being challenged by state of the art CT and MR imaging. Currently in many centers, cross-sectional imaging modalities are being used as a first line diagnostic tool to evaluate arterial and venous system of the kidneys and conventional angiography has been reserved only for therapeutic intervention. CT and MR imaging display not only the lumen of the vessel as in conventional angiography, but also allow the visualization of the vessel wall, renal parenchyma, collecting system, and other adjacent soft tissue structures. Therefore, CT and MRI have each become a one-stop shop for a thorough evaluation of kidneys. In this pictorial essay, we reviewed normal anatomical variants and wide range of pathologies involving renal arteries and veins with illustrated contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging samples.