Samira A Brooks1, A Rose Brannon2, Joel S Parker1, Jennifer C Fisher1, Oishee Sen1, Michael W Kattan3, A Ari Hakimi4, James J Hsieh4, Toni K Choueiri5, Pheroze Tamboli6, Jodi K Maranchie7, Peter Hinds7, C Ryan Miller8, Matthew E Nielsen9, W Kimryn Rathmell10. 1. UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 2. UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 3. Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. 4. Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA. 5. Department of Medical Oncology and Kidney Cancer Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. 6. Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. 7. Department of Urologic Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 8. UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 9. UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 10. UNC Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Electronic address: Rathmell@med.unc.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gene expression signatures have proven to be useful tools in many cancers to identify distinct subtypes of disease based on molecular features that drive pathogenesis, and to aid in predicting clinical outcomes. However, there are no current signatures for kidney cancer that are applicable in a clinical setting. OBJECTIVE: To generate a signature biomarker for the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) good risk (ccA) and poor risk (ccB) subtype classification that could be readily applied to clinical samples to develop an integrated model for biologically defined risk stratification. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A set of 72 ccRCC sample standards was used to develop a 34-gene classifier (ClearCode34) for assigning ccRCC tumors to subtypes. The classifier was applied to RNA-sequencing data from 380 nonmetastatic ccRCC samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and to 157 formalin-fixed clinical samples collected at the University of North Carolina. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed on the individual cohorts to calculate recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). Training and test sets were randomly selected from the combined cohorts to assemble a risk prediction model for disease recurrence. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The subtypes were significantly associated with RFS (p<0.01), CSS (p<0.01), and OS (p<0.01). Hazard ratios for subtype classification were similar to those of stage and grade in association with recurrence risk, and remained significant in multivariate analyses. An integrated molecular/clinical model for RFS to assign patients to risk groups was able to accurately predict CSS above established, clinical risk-prediction algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: The ClearCode34-based model provides prognostic stratification that improves upon established algorithms to assess risk for recurrence and death for nonmetastatic ccRCC patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: We developed a 34-gene subtype predictor to classify clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumors according to ccA or ccB subtypes and built a subtype-inclusive model to analyze patient survival outcomes.
BACKGROUND: Gene expression signatures have proven to be useful tools in many cancers to identify distinct subtypes of disease based on molecular features that drive pathogenesis, and to aid in predicting clinical outcomes. However, there are no current signatures for kidney cancer that are applicable in a clinical setting. OBJECTIVE: To generate a signature biomarker for the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) good risk (ccA) and poor risk (ccB) subtype classification that could be readily applied to clinical samples to develop an integrated model for biologically defined risk stratification. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A set of 72 ccRCC sample standards was used to develop a 34-gene classifier (ClearCode34) for assigning ccRCC tumors to subtypes. The classifier was applied to RNA-sequencing data from 380 nonmetastatic ccRCC samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and to 157 formalin-fixed clinical samples collected at the University of North Carolina. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed on the individual cohorts to calculate recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). Training and test sets were randomly selected from the combined cohorts to assemble a risk prediction model for disease recurrence. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The subtypes were significantly associated with RFS (p<0.01), CSS (p<0.01), and OS (p<0.01). Hazard ratios for subtype classification were similar to those of stage and grade in association with recurrence risk, and remained significant in multivariate analyses. An integrated molecular/clinical model for RFS to assign patients to risk groups was able to accurately predict CSS above established, clinical risk-prediction algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: The ClearCode34-based model provides prognostic stratification that improves upon established algorithms to assess risk for recurrence and death for nonmetastatic ccRCC patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: We developed a 34-gene subtype predictor to classify clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumors according to ccA or ccB subtypes and built a subtype-inclusive model to analyze patient survival outcomes.
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