A narrative review of peri-operative management of patients with thalassaemia.

In thalassaemic patients, multiple organ systems may be affected by the disease, blood transfusion, iron overload and chelating therapy. Patients may develop cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension or heart failure requiring pre-operative echocardiography or cardiac catheterisation. Restrictive lung dysfunction is commonly encountered, especially in patients with splenomegaly. Haemoglobin level should be optimised pre-operatively and maintained at adequate levels with transfusion and blood-saving strategies. Susceptibility to infections should be managed with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Thromboembolic events due to hypercoagulability should be prevented by simple measures, such as graduated compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression and early mobilisation, and possibly anticoagulant drugs. When general anaesthesia is administered, the risk of difficult intubation due to oro-facial malformation should be considered. Cardiovascular depression due to negative inotropic and vasodilating effects of general anaesthesia should be minimised. Neuraxial techniques may also be challenging due to spinal skeletal abnormalities and extramedullary haemopoiesis. A multidisciplinary pre-operative approach, clinical optimisation and a carefully planned strategy are mandatory.