SOCS signaling in autoimmune diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are mainly induced by various cytokines and have been described as classical inhibitors of cytokine signaling. SOCS signaling is involved in the regulation of immune cells, and recent findings suggest that SOCS proteins, especially SOCS1 and SOCS3, are often dysregulated in a wide variety of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis. Recent studies suggest that SOCS signaling could be therapeutically targeted in various autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the role of SOCS proteins in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, as well as their clinical implications.