Ronald Klein1, Kristine E Lee2, Ronald E Gangnon3, Barbara E K Klein2. 1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin. Electronic address: kleinr@epi.ophth.wisc.edu. 2. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin. 3. Departments of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics and Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationships of lifestyle characteristics to changes in vision and incidence of visual impairment (VI) over a 20-year period in the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES). DESIGN: Longitudinal, population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 4926 persons aged 43 to 86 years participated in the baseline examinations in 1988-1990, and 3721, 2962, 2375, and 1913 persons participated in follow-up examinations in 1993-1995, 1998-2000, 2003-2005, and 2008-2010, respectively. METHODS: Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured by a modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in number of letters read correctly and incidence of VI based on BCVA in the better eye assessed at each examination over a 20-year period. RESULTS: The 20-year cumulative incidence of VI was 5.4%. There was a mean loss of 1.6 letters between examinations, with a 20-year loss of 6.6 letters. While adjusting for age, income, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severity, being a current or past smoker was related to a greater change in the numbers of letters lost. Persons who had not consumed alcoholic beverages over the past year and sedentary persons had higher odds of incident VI than persons who drank occasionally or who were physically active. For example, in women with early AMD and annual household income less than $10,000, the estimated 20-year cumulative incidence of VI in those who drank occasionally and were physically active was 5.9% compared with 25.8% in women who had not consumed alcoholic beverages over the past year and were sedentary. CONCLUSIONS: Three modifiable behaviors-smoking, drinking alcohol, and physical activity-were associated with changes in vision. Further evidence that changes in these behaviors will result in less loss of vision is needed because of the expected increase in the burden of VI due to the aging of the population.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationships of lifestyle characteristics to changes in vision and incidence of visual impairment (VI) over a 20-year period in the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES). DESIGN: Longitudinal, population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 4926 persons aged 43 to 86 years participated in the baseline examinations in 1988-1990, and 3721, 2962, 2375, and 1913 persons participated in follow-up examinations in 1993-1995, 1998-2000, 2003-2005, and 2008-2010, respectively. METHODS: Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured by a modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in number of letters read correctly and incidence of VI based on BCVA in the better eye assessed at each examination over a 20-year period. RESULTS: The 20-year cumulative incidence of VI was 5.4%. There was a mean loss of 1.6 letters between examinations, with a 20-year loss of 6.6 letters. While adjusting for age, income, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severity, being a current or past smoker was related to a greater change in the numbers of letters lost. Persons who had not consumed alcoholic beverages over the past year and sedentary persons had higher odds of incident VI than persons who drank occasionally or who were physically active. For example, in women with early AMD and annual household income less than $10,000, the estimated 20-year cumulative incidence of VI in those who drank occasionally and were physically active was 5.9% compared with 25.8% in women who had not consumed alcoholic beverages over the past year and were sedentary. CONCLUSIONS: Three modifiable behaviors-smoking, drinking alcohol, and physical activity-were associated with changes in vision. Further evidence that changes in these behaviors will result in less loss of vision is needed because of the expected increase in the burden of VI due to the aging of the population.
Authors: Nathan Congdon; Benita O'Colmain; Caroline C W Klaver; Ronald Klein; Beatriz Muñoz; David S Friedman; John Kempen; Hugh R Taylor; Paul Mitchell Journal: Arch Ophthalmol Date: 2004-04
Authors: Carla R Schubert; Mary E Fischer; A Alex Pinto; Yanjun Chen; Barbara E K Klein; Ronald Klein; Michael Y Tsai; Ted S Tweed; Karen J Cruickshanks Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc Date: 2019-04-01 Impact factor: 5.562
Authors: Kristin J Meyers; Zhe Liu; Amy E Millen; Sudha K Iyengar; Barbara A Blodi; Elizabeth Johnson; D Max Snodderly; Michael L Klein; Karen M Gehrs; Lesley Tinker; Gloria E Sarto; Jennifer Robinson; Robert B Wallace; Julie A Mares Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2015-09-06 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Mary E Fischer; Karen J Cruickshanks; Carla R Schubert; Alex A Pinto; Cynthia M Carlsson; Barbara E K Klein; Ronald Klein; Ted S Tweed Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc Date: 2016-09-09 Impact factor: 5.562
Authors: Adam J Paulsen; Carla R Schubert; Lauren J Johnson; Yanjun Chen; Dayna S Dalton; Barbara E K Klein; Ronald Klein; Alex Pinto; Karen J Cruickshanks Journal: JAMA Ophthalmol Date: 2018-12-01 Impact factor: 7.389
Authors: Parmita Mehta; Christine A Petersen; Joanne C Wen; Michael R Banitt; Philip P Chen; Karine D Bojikian; Catherine Egan; Su-In Lee; Magdalena Balazinska; Aaron Y Lee; Ariel Rokem Journal: Am J Ophthalmol Date: 2021-05-02 Impact factor: 5.258
Authors: Carla R Schubert; Mary E Fischer; A Alex Pinto; Barbara E K Klein; Ronald Klein; Ted S Tweed; Karen J Cruickshanks Journal: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci Date: 2017-05-01 Impact factor: 6.053