Annemiek Vermeeren1, Eric F P M Vuurman1, Tim R M Leufkens1, Cees J Van Leeuwen1, Anita C M Van Oers1, Eugene Laska2, Salvador Rico3, Frank Steinberg3, Thomas Roth4. 1. Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 2. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY and New York University, Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY. 3. Transcept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Point Richmond, CA. 4. Henry Ford Hospital Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Detroit, MI.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate next-morning driving performance after middle-of-the-night use of zolpidem 3.5 mg in a buffered sublingual formulation (ZST). DESIGN: Single-center, four-period, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. SETTING: Maastricht University, The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Forty healthy volunteers (20 females). INTERVENTIONS: Single dose of ZST administered in the middle of the night at 3 and 4 h before driving, zopiclone 7.5 mg at bedtime 9 h before driving, and placebo. MEASUREMENTS: Performance in a 100-km standardized highway driving test in normal traffic measuring standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) - an index of weaving. Drug-placebo changes in SDLP > 2.5 cm were considered to reflect clinically relevant driving impairment. RESULT: For ZST, Max McNemar symmetry analyses showed that the proportion of drivers classified as impaired was increased 3 h after dosing (P < 0.012), but not 4 h after dosing. Mean increases in SDLP from placebo, although statistically significant, were small (1.46 cm [P < 0.0001] at 3 h and 0.83 cm [P = 0.0174] at 4 h). The morning after zopiclone, 45% of the drivers were classified as impaired with a mean increase in SDLP of 2.46 cm (P < 0.0001). There were no significant sex differences in effects of ZST and zopiclone. CONCLUSION:Zolpidem 3.5 mg in a buffered sublingual formulation has a minimal risk of impairing driving performance in the morning ≥ 4 hours after middle-of-the night use. When taken 3 hours before driving, the drug may have impairing effects so caution should be exercised if medication is taken other than as indicated. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01106859; Trial Name: Driving Performance After Middle of the Night Administration of 3.5 mg Zolpidem Tartrate Sublingual Tablet; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01106859.
RCT Entities:
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate next-morning driving performance after middle-of-the-night use of zolpidem 3.5 mg in a buffered sublingual formulation (ZST). DESIGN: Single-center, four-period, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. SETTING: Maastricht University, The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Forty healthy volunteers (20 females). INTERVENTIONS: Single dose of ZST administered in the middle of the night at 3 and 4 h before driving, zopiclone 7.5 mg at bedtime 9 h before driving, and placebo. MEASUREMENTS: Performance in a 100-km standardized highway driving test in normal traffic measuring standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) - an index of weaving. Drug-placebo changes in SDLP > 2.5 cm were considered to reflect clinically relevant driving impairment. RESULT: For ZST, Max McNemar symmetry analyses showed that the proportion of drivers classified as impaired was increased 3 h after dosing (P < 0.012), but not 4 h after dosing. Mean increases in SDLP from placebo, although statistically significant, were small (1.46 cm [P < 0.0001] at 3 h and 0.83 cm [P = 0.0174] at 4 h). The morning after zopiclone, 45% of the drivers were classified as impaired with a mean increase in SDLP of 2.46 cm (P < 0.0001). There were no significant sex differences in effects of ZST and zopiclone. CONCLUSION:Zolpidem 3.5 mg in a buffered sublingual formulation has a minimal risk of impairing driving performance in the morning ≥ 4 hours after middle-of-the night use. When taken 3 hours before driving, the drug may have impairing effects so caution should be exercised if medication is taken other than as indicated. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01106859; Trial Name: Driving Performance After Middle of the Night Administration of 3.5 mg Zolpidem Tartrate Sublingual Tablet; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01106859.
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