Taichiro Nishikawa1, Nadège Bellance2, Aaron Damm2, Han Bing3, Zhen Zhu4, Kan Handa5, Mladen I Yovchev5, Vasudha Sehgal6, Tyler J Moss6, Michael Oertel5, Prahlad T Ram6, Iraklis I Pipinos4, Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez7, Ira J Fox8, Deepak Nagrath9. 1. Center for Innovative Regenerative Therapies, Department of Surgery, Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. 2. Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. 3. Center for Innovative Regenerative Therapies, Department of Surgery, Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, USA. 4. Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. 5. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 6. Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. 7. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: sotogutierreza@upmc.edu. 8. Center for Innovative Regenerative Therapies, Department of Surgery, Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: foxi@upmc.edu. 9. Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: deepak.nagrath@rice.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The cause of hepatic failure in the terminal stages of chronic injury is unknown. Cellular metabolic adaptations in response to the microenvironment have been implicated in cellular breakdown. METHODS: To address the role of energy metabolism in this process we studied mitochondrial number, respiration, and functional reserve, as well as cellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) production, glycolytic flux, and expression of glycolysis related genes in isolated hepatocytes from early and terminal stages of cirrhosis using a model that produces hepatic failure from irreversible cirrhosis in rats. To study the clinical relevance of energy metabolism in terminal stages of chronic liver failure, we analyzed glycolysis and energy metabolism related gene expression in liver tissue from patients at different stages of chronic liver failure according to Child-Pugh classification. Additionally, to determine whether the expression of these genes in early-stage cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class A) is related to patient outcome, we performed network analysis of publicly available microarray data obtained from biopsies of 216 patients with hepatitis C-related Child-Pugh A cirrhosis who were prospectively followed up for a median of 10years. RESULTS: In the early phase of cirrhosis, mitochondrial function and ATP generation are maintained by increasing energy production from glycolytic flux as production from oxidative phosphorylation falls. At the terminal stage of hepatic injury, mitochondria respiration and ATP production are significantly compromised, as the hepatocytes are unable to sustain the increased demand for high levels of ATP generation from glycolysis. This impairment corresponds to a decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit and phosphoglucomutase 1. Similar decreased gene expression was observed in liver tissue from patients at different stages of chronic liver injury. Further, unbiased network analysis of microarray data revealed that expression of these genes was down regulated in the group of patients with poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: An adaptive metabolic shift, from generating energy predominantly from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, allows maintenance of energy homeostasis during early stages of liver injury, but leads to hepatocyte dysfunction during terminal stages of chronic liver disease because hepatocytes are unable to sustain high levels of energy production from glycolysis.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The cause of hepatic failure in the terminal stages of chronic injury is unknown. Cellular metabolic adaptations in response to the microenvironment have been implicated in cellular breakdown. METHODS: To address the role of energy metabolism in this process we studied mitochondrial number, respiration, and functional reserve, as well as cellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) production, glycolytic flux, and expression of glycolysis related genes in isolated hepatocytes from early and terminal stages of cirrhosis using a model that produces hepatic failure from irreversible cirrhosis in rats. To study the clinical relevance of energy metabolism in terminal stages of chronic liver failure, we analyzed glycolysis and energy metabolism related gene expression in liver tissue from patients at different stages of chronic liver failure according to Child-Pugh classification. Additionally, to determine whether the expression of these genes in early-stage cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class A) is related to patient outcome, we performed network analysis of publicly available microarray data obtained from biopsies of 216 patients with hepatitis C-related Child-Pugh A cirrhosis who were prospectively followed up for a median of 10years. RESULTS: In the early phase of cirrhosis, mitochondrial function and ATP generation are maintained by increasing energy production from glycolytic flux as production from oxidative phosphorylation falls. At the terminal stage of hepatic injury, mitochondria respiration and ATP production are significantly compromised, as the hepatocytes are unable to sustain the increased demand for high levels of ATP generation from glycolysis. This impairment corresponds to a decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit and phosphoglucomutase 1. Similar decreased gene expression was observed in liver tissue from patients at different stages of chronic liver injury. Further, unbiased network analysis of microarray data revealed that expression of these genes was down regulated in the group of patients with poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: An adaptive metabolic shift, from generating energy predominantly from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, allows maintenance of energy homeostasis during early stages of liver injury, but leads to hepatocyte dysfunction during terminal stages of chronic liver disease because hepatocytes are unable to sustain high levels of energy production from glycolysis.
Authors: Rajiv Jalan; Pere Gines; Jody C Olson; Rajeshwar P Mookerjee; Richard Moreau; Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao; Vicente Arroyo; Patrick S Kamath Journal: J Hepatol Date: 2012-06-28 Impact factor: 25.083
Authors: Rommel G Tirona; Wooin Lee; Brenda F Leake; Lu-Bin Lan; Cynthia Brimer Cline; Vishal Lamba; Fereshteh Parviz; Stephen A Duncan; Yusuke Inoue; Frank J Gonzalez; Erin G Schuetz; Richard B Kim Journal: Nat Med Date: 2003-01-06 Impact factor: 53.440
Authors: A Collin de l'Hortet; K Takeishi; J Guzman-Lepe; K Handa; K Matsubara; K Fukumitsu; K Dorko; S C Presnell; H Yagi; A Soto-Gutierrez Journal: Am J Transplant Date: 2016-02-18 Impact factor: 8.086