Frank C Detterbeck1, Cesar Moran2, James Huang3, Saul Suster4, Garrett Walsh5, Lawrence Kaiser6, Mark Wick7. 1. Division of Thoracic Surgery, Deportment of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. 2. Department of Surgery, Thoracic Service, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. 3. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York. 4. Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 5. Department of Thoracic and Cardio-vascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Hous-ton, Texas. 6. UT Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. 7. Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Mediastinal board. A diagram on a soft board is useful in
maintaining proper dimensions and orientation of specimens.
Printing this figure as a full page corresponds roughly to the normal
mediastinal dimensions and can be placed directly on a standard
soft specimen board that is generally available in surgical pathology
departments
2
按体内解剖关系将标本摆放在纵隔板上,以体现肿瘤方向、与周围结构的关系和肿瘤的大小
Resected specimen oriented on the mediastinal board.
Placement of the specimen and the paper diagram or board provides
unambiguous orientation, depicts the rela-tionship to other
mediastinal structures, and maintains the normal size of the resected
tissue. Pins placed through the tissue into the board or paper diagram
can be used to hold it in place if needed
3
纵隔标本的素描。素描上的图解说明了标记区域和联合切除的结构,这有助于交流和减少困惑
Sketch of the oriented specimen on a mediasti-nal diagram. The
sketch depicts marking stitches and addi-tional resected structures
diagrammatically, which minimizes subsequent confusion and aids
communication
纵隔板,由软板和固定在上面的图纸组成,图像绘制比例与人体结构相似,用于保持切除标本的方向Mediastinal board. A diagram on a soft board is useful in
maintaining proper dimensions and orientation of specimens.
Printing this figure as a full page corresponds roughly to the normal
mediastinal dimensions and can be placed directly on a standard
soft specimen board that is generally available in surgical pathology
departments按体内解剖关系将标本摆放在纵隔板上,以体现肿瘤方向、与周围结构的关系和肿瘤的大小Resected specimen oriented on the mediastinal board.
Placement of the specimen and the paper diagram or board provides
unambiguous orientation, depicts the rela-tionship to other
mediastinal structures, and maintains the normal size of the resected
tissue. Pins placed through the tissue into the board or paper diagram
can be used to hold it in place if needed纵隔标本的素描。素描上的图解说明了标记区域和联合切除的结构,这有助于交流和减少困惑Sketch of the oriented specimen on a mediasti-nal diagram. The
sketch depicts marking stitches and addi-tional resected structures
diagrammatically, which minimizes subsequent confusion and aids
communication标本的方位摆放应该由外科医生在手术室完成而不是在病理科由病理医生单独进行。有时,当标本离体后手术还在继续外科医生腾不出时间标记定位时,或种种原因病理科医生收到一个没有标记和定位方向的标本时,都需要及时和外科医生进行交流,并和外科医生或其指派参与手术的主要助手一起在手术室对标本进行标记和辨认方向。将标本展开摆放在纵隔板的图纸上,并附有标本的素描,这些方法可以增强交流。建议要么使用一个类似“纵隔板”方向定位系统,要么直接与外科医生面对面交流来辨认标本方位。缝线和银夹应该标记粘连的结构,如无名静脉、肺、或膈神经。更广泛的表面可以颜料标记,如双侧的纵隔胸膜或标本的前表面。外科医生在手术记录中必须一一列出切除的结构,而且每个关注的区域都应该在附带的病理检查要求中逐一记录。
A, Inked specimen, anterior aspect. Blue ink labels the anterior aspect and yellow ink the right lateral aspect of the tumor (on the left side of
the photo-graph). B, Inked specimen, posterior aspect. The posterior aspect of the specimen has been inked with black ink. Note the yellow ink
labeling the right lateral aspect of the tumor on the right side of the figure
Bread-loafed tumor specimen. The tumor mass has been
sectioned from superior to inferior in a bread-loaf manner into
thin sections. This is useful to document specific gross features
and to identify specific areas that may equire special attention and
histopathological assessment. Note that the different colors are
easily identifiable
6
保留未受累组织,对其随机切片作病理评估
Remaining uninvolved thymic tissue. Random sections of this
tissue should be obtained for histopathological assessment
A:染色标本前面观。蓝色标记肿瘤前面部分、黄色标记右边部分。B:染色标本后面观。黑色标记肿瘤后面部分,黄色标记区域对应A图标记区域A, Inked specimen, anterior aspect. Blue ink labels the anterior aspect and yellow ink the right lateral aspect of the tumor (on the left side of
the photo-graph). B, Inked specimen, posterior aspect. The posterior aspect of the specimen has been inked with black ink. Note the yellow ink
labeling the right lateral aspect of the tumor on the right side of the figure面包片样切开标本。从前至后将标本面包片样切成薄片,有助于记录肉眼特征和辨认需要特别关注和需要病理评估的区域。从图中可以看到,染料标记的区域很容易辨认Bread-loafed tumor specimen. The tumor mass has been
sectioned from superior to inferior in a bread-loaf manner into
thin sections. This is useful to document specific gross features
and to identify specific areas that may equire special attention and
histopathological assessment. Note that the different colors are
easily identifiable保留未受累组织,对其随机切片作病理评估Remaining uninvolved thymic tissue. Random sections of this
tissue should be obtained for histopathological assessment镜下潜在不均一性是胸腺瘤的特点,同一个肿瘤的不同部位可有不同的组织学表现[。常规方法是在肿瘤标本的长径上每厘米至少取一块组织,如10 cm的肿瘤就需要取10块,5 cm的肿瘤则需要5块等等[。这种方法在评估其他异质性肿瘤中已经有成功的经验,例如生殖细胞肿瘤和软组织肉瘤[。此外,过去的研究表明至少5块组织的系统采样能提高胸腺上皮肿瘤病理诊断的可靠性[,因此美国外科病理解剖主任协会建议至少取5块组织[。如果胸腺肿瘤非常小,可以将其分成2块或3块整体镜检。对于大于5 cm的肿瘤,至少切成5块[。储存组织以备将来研究对提高我们对这些肿瘤的生物学特征的认识至关重要。组织储存应由负责该病例的病理医生完成,他可以权衡在满足诊断的基础上尽可能多的为研究保留组织。由于胸腺瘤手术标本通常体积都较大,对于大多数病例来说保存组织简单可行。多数较大标本可以取1立方厘米的组织贴标签后速冻、或低温冰箱存储以备将来不同的用途。将组织行3 mm厚的连续切片福尔马林浸泡可用于常规组织学检查和石蜡包埋。肿瘤特殊部位的选择取决于病理医生的仔细肉眼评估和外科医生提供的相关信息。对标本所有表面都要常规查看,当然对外科医生或病理科医生怀疑切缘受累的地方一定要取材。此外,任何大体表现与其他部位明显不同的地方均应该取材。有完全不同的诊断的肿瘤在一个标本中共存的情况,如胸腺癌与胸腺瘤共存[。胸腺瘤的一个特殊亚组是广泛的甚至完全的囊性变[,这可能由于肿瘤供血不足而自发产生,也可能由诸如术前化疗等医源性原因导致[。在没有术前活检的情况下病理科医生必须在囊肿周围广泛取材以获取用于诊断的组织,这对排除其他起源于胸腺解剖位置的囊性肿瘤很有必要,如生殖细胞肿瘤、或转移癌、或少见的恶性淋巴瘤等[。
病理科医生操作常规Recommended routine policies for pathologists鉴别肿瘤与胸膜或心包是致密的粘连、或是部分侵犯、或是穿透这些结构是非常困难的,建议尽可能对这些情况进行鉴别[。建议对于这些粘连但没有侵犯的情况,根据病理科医生的最佳判断,归类为“肿瘤粘连但未侵犯”纵隔胸膜或心包。
本文推荐的胸腺瘤外科切除标本的病理报道方法,代表了ITMIG的共识。这些方法可以防止在发表的文章中出现模糊定义,增强不同研究之间的可比性。这些方法以目前可获得的数据为基础,如果这些方法不适用,可采用胸腺肿瘤或其他肿瘤用过的方法。在没有可利用方法的情况下,也可采用单纯根据逻辑法推演的方法。这些推荐的方法将被ITMIG正式采用,而且将被作为国际肺癌研究会(International Association for the Study of
Lung Cancer, IASLC)胸腺肿瘤分期的基础。各医疗中心是否采用这些方法的关键在于,能否利用它们准确判断切缘状况,并判断切缘阳性部位在患者体内对应的位置(以辅助化疗),和这样做是否能改善复发率。采用这些规范的方法可以促进个人研究,而且有助于探索其它外科和病理处理方法。应该认识到,这些方法仅代表发展更科学可靠方法解决胸腺恶性肿瘤问题过程中的一个步骤。希望随着时间的推移这些方法能得到改进或被更好的方法所替代。